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Ecriture Feminine

Ecriture ladylike, actually â€Å"women's writing,†[1]â more intently, the composition of the female body and female difference in language and text,[2]â is a strain ofâ feminist artistic hypothesis that started in Franceâ in the mid 1970s and included central scholars such as Helene Cixous, Monique Wittig, Luce Irigaray,[3] Chantal Chawaf,[4][5] and Julia Kristeva,[6][7]â and likewise different authors like psychoanalytical theorist Bracha Ettinger,[8][9]â who joined this field in the mid 1990s. [10] Generally, French women's activists would in general concentrate on language, examining the manners by which importance is created. They reasoned that language as we regularly consider it is a firmly male domain, which subsequently just speaks to a world from the male perspective. [11] Nonetheless, the French ladies' development created similarly as the women's activist developments somewhere else in Europe or in the United States: French ladies took an interest in awareness raising gatherings; exhibited in the roads on theâ 8th of March; contended energetically for ladies' entitlement to pick whether to have youngsters; raised the issue of brutality against ladies; and battled to change general assessment on issues concerning ladies and ladies' privileges. The way that the absolute first gathering of a bunch of would-be women's activist activists in 1970 just figured out how to dispatch a rancorous hypothetical discussion, would appear to stamp the circumstance as regularly ‘French' in its evident emphasis on the power of hypothesis over governmental issues. [12] Helene Cixousâ first coinedâ ecriture feminineâ in her paper, â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa† (1975), where she affirms â€Å"Woman must keep in touch with her self: must expound on ladies and carry ladies to composing, from which they have been driven away as viciously as from their bodies† in light of the fact that their sexual delight has been quelled and denied articulation. Roused by Cixous' article, an ongoing book titledLaughing with Medusaâ (2006) investigates the aggregate work of Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Bracha Ettinger and Helene Cixous. [13] These authors are all in all alluded to by Anglophones as â€Å"the French feminists,† however Mary Klages, Associate Professor in the English Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has brought up that â€Å"poststructuralist hypothetical feminists† would be a progressively exact term. [14] Madeleine Gagnon is a later advocate. Furthermore, since the previously mentioned 1975 when Cixous additionally established ladies' investigations at Vincennes, she has been as a representative for the gathering Psychanalyse et politique and a productive author of writings for their distributing house, des femmes. What's more, when asked of her own composing she says, â€Å"Je suis la ou ca parle† (â€Å"I am there where it/id/the female oblivious talks. â€Å")â [15] American women's activist pundit and writer Elaine Showalterâ defines this development as â€Å"the engraving of the ladylike body and female distinction in language and content. [16] Ecriture ladylike spots understanding before language, and benefits non-direct, patterned composing that dodges â€Å"the talk that manages theâ phallocentricâ system. â€Å"[17] Because language is definitely not an unbiased medium, the contention can be made that it capacities as an instrument of man centric articulation. Diminish Barry composes that â €Å"the female author is viewed as enduring the impediment of utilizing a medium (composition composing) which is basically a male instrument formed for male purposes†. 18] Ecriture female consequently exists as a direct opposite of manly composition, or as a ways to get out for women,although the phallogocentric contention itself has been condemned by W. A. Borody as distorting the historical backdrop of ways of thinking of ‘’indeterminateness’’ in Western culture. Borody guarantees that the‘black and white’’view that the masculine=determinateness and the feminine=indeterminateness contains a level of social and authentic legitimacy, however not when it is conveyed to self-imitate a comparable type of sex othering it initially tried to survive. 19] In the expressions of Rosemarie Tong, â€Å"Cixous moved ladies to work themselves out of the world men built for ladies. She encouraged ladies to put themselves-the unfathomable /unthought-into words. †[20] Almost everything is yet to be composed by ladies about gentility: about their sexuality, that is, its unbounded and portable multifaceted nature; about their eroticization, unexpected turn-ons of a specific tiny tremendous zone of their bodies; not about fate, however about the experience of such and such a drive, about excursions, intersections, walks, sudden and steady enlightenments, revelations of a zone without a moment's delay hesitant and destined to be frank. 14] with respect to phallocentric composing, Tong clarifies that â€Å"male sexuality, which focuses on what Cixous called the â€Å"big dick†, is at last exhausting in its sharpness and peculiarity. Like male sexuality, manly composition, which Cixous as a rule named phallogocentric composing, is additionally at last boring† and moreover, that â€Å"stamped with the official seal of social endorsement, manly composing is excessively weighted down to move or change†. 20] Write, let nobody keep you down, let nothing stop you: not man; not the idiotic industrialist apparatus, in which the distributing houses are the shrewd, slavish relayers of objectives passed on by an economy that neutralizes us and away from us; notâ yourself. Pompous confronted perusers, overseeing editors, and large supervisors don't care for the genuine writings of ladies female-sexed writings. That thoughtful panics them. [21] For Cixous, ecriture ladylike isn't just an opportunities for female essayists; rather, she trusts it very well may be (and has been) utilized by male writers such as James Joyce. Some have discovered this thought hard to accommodate with Cixous’ meaning of ecriture ladylike (regularly named ‘white ink’) as a result of the numerous references she makes to the female body (â€Å"There is consistently in her at any rate a tad bit of that great mother’s milk. She writes in white ink†[22]) while describing the quintessence of ecriture female and clarifying its birthplace. This idea raises issues for certain scholars: â€Å"Ecriture ladylike, at that point, is by its inclination transgressive, rule-rising above, inebriated, however obviously the thought as set forward by Cixous raises numerous issues. The domain of the body, for example, is viewed as by one way or another resistant to social and sex condition and ready to give forward an unadulterated quintessence of the female. Such essentialism is hard to square with women's liberation which underscores gentility as a social construction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [23] For Luce Irigaray, ladies' sexual pleasureâ jouissanceâ cannot be communicated by the predominant, requested, â€Å"logical,† manly language in light of the fact that as indicated by Kristeva, female language is gotten from the pre-oedipal time of combination among mother and youngster. Related with the maternal, female language isn't just a danger to culture, which is male centric, yet additionally a medium through which ladies might be inventive in new manners. Irigaray communicated this association between ladies' sexuality and ladies' language through the accompanying similarity: women'sâ jouissanceâ is more numerous than men's unitary, phallic joy becauseâ [24] â€Å"woman has intercourse organs pretty much everywhere†¦ female language is more diffusive than its ‘masculine partner'. That is without a doubt the reason†¦ her language†¦ goes off every which way and†¦ e can't observe the cognizance. †Ã¢ [25] Irigaray and Cixous likewise proceed to underscore that ladies, verifiably constrained to being sexual articles for men (virgins or whores, spouses or moms), have been kept from communicating their sexuality in itself or for themselves. On the off chance that they can do this, and in the event that they can talk about it in t he new dialects it calls for, they will build up a perspective (a site of contrast) from which phallogocentric ideas and controls can be seen through and dismantled, in principle, yet additionally by and by. 26] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Notes 1. ^ Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. OUP, 1990. 65. 2. ^ Showalter, Elaine. Basic Inquiry, Vol. 8, No. 2, Writing and Sexual Difference, (Winter, 1981), pp. 179-205. Distributed by: The University of Chicago Press. http://www. jstor. organization/stable/1343159 3. ^ Irigaray, Luce, Speculum of the Other Woman, Cornell University Press, 1985 4. ^ Cesbron, Georges, † Ecritures au feminin. Recommendations de address pour quatre livres de femmes† in Degre Second, juillet 1980: 95-119 5.  Mistacco, Vicki, â€Å"Chantal Chawaf,† in Les femmes et la custom litteraire †Anthologie du Moyen Age a nos jours; Seconde partie: XIXe- XXIe siecles, Yale Press, 2006, 327-343 6. ^ Kristeva, Julia Revolution in Poetic Language, Columbia University Press, 1984 7. ^ Griselda Pollock, â€Å"To Inscribe in the Feminine: A Kristevan Impossibility? Or then again Femininity, Melancholy and Sublimation. †Ã‚ Parallax, n. 8, [Vol. 4(3)], 1998. 81-117. 8. ^ Ettinger, Bracha, Matrix . Halal(a) †Lapsus. Notes on Painting, 1985-1992. MOMA, Oxford, 1993. (ISBN 0-905836-81-2). Reproduced in: Artworking 1985-1999. Altered by Piet Coessens. Ghent-Amsterdam: Ludion/Brussels: Palais des Beaux-Arts, 2000. (ISBN 90-5544-283-6) 9. ^ Ettinger, Bracha, The Matrixial Borderspaceâ (essays 1994-1999), Minnesota University Press, 2006 10. ^ Pollock, Griselda, â€Å"Does Art Think? â€Å", in: Art and Thought Blackwell, 2003 11. ^ â€Å"Murfin, Ross C. †Ã¢ http://www. ux1. eiu. edu/~rlbeebe/what_is_feminist_criticism. pdf 12. ^ M

How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD

How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD PTSD Treatment Print How Exposure Therapy Can Treat PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Credit: Getty Images/Peter Dazeley Exposure therapy has been found to effectively address the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as symptoms of other anxiety disorders. With this roundup of different forms of exposure therapy, find out which treatment is right for you. How PTSD Is Treated Overview Exposure therapy is considered a behavioral treatment for PTSD. This is because exposure therapy targets learned behaviors that people engage in (most often the avoidance) in response to situations or thoughts and memories that are viewed as frightening or anxiety-provoking. For example, a rape survivor may begin to avoid relationships or going out on dates for fear that she will be attacked again. It is important to recognize that this learned avoidance serves a purpose. When a person experiences a traumatic event, he may begin to act in ways to avoid threatening situations with the goal of trying to prevent that traumatic experience from happening again. Avoidance is a safety-seeking or protective response. However, as this avoidance behavior becomes more extreme, a persons quality of life may lessen. He may lose touch with family or experience difficulties at work or in relationships. In addition, avoidance can make PTSD symptoms stick around longer or even intensify. That is because a person is avoiding certain situations, thoughts, or emotions, he doesnt have the opportunity to learn that these situations may not be quite as threatening as they seem. In addition, by avoiding thoughts, memories, and emotions, a person doesnt let himself fully process those experiences. The goal of exposure therapy then is to help reduce a persons fear and anxiety, with the ultimate goal of eliminating avoidance behavior and increasing quality of life. This is done by actively confronting the things that a person fears. By confronting feared situations, thoughts, and emotions, a person can learn that anxiety and fear will lessen on its own. So, how does a person actively confront feared situations, thoughts, and emotions during exposure therapy? A number of methods may be used by a therapist. These are described below. Methods In Vivo Exposure In vivo exposure refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities or situations by a person under the guidance of a therapist. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears (as long as it is safe to do so). Likewise, a person with social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech. Imaginal Exposure In imaginal exposure, a client is asked to imagine feared images or situations. Imaginal exposure can help a person directly confront feared thoughts and memories. Imaginal exposure also may be used when it is not possible or safe for a person to directly confront a feared situation. For example, it would not be safe to have a combat veteran with PTSD to directly confront a combat situation again. Therefore, he may be asked to imagine a feared combat situation that he experienced. Interoceptive Exposure Interoceptive exposure was originally designed to treat panic disorder. However, there is evidence that it may be successful in the treatment of PTSD as well. It is designed to help people directly confront feared bodily symptoms often associated with anxiety, such as an increased heart rate and shortness of breath. The therapist may assist this by having a person (in a controlled and safe manner) hyperventilate for a brief period of time, exercise, breath through a straw or hold his breath. Prolonged Exposure Prolonged exposure therapy is a combination of the above three methods. It has been found to be very effective for PTSD sufferers and involves an average of 8 to 15 sessions for about 90 minutes per session. Prolonged exposure therapy consists of education about trauma and what you will be doing, learning how to control your breathing (interoceptive exposure), practicing in the real world (in vivo exposure), and talking about your trauma (imaginal exposure). Finding a Therapist As indicated previously, exposure therapy has been found to be a very effective treatment for PTSD. In addition, methods for delivering exposure therapy to people is continuing to advance. In particular, some therapists are beginning to use virtual reality technology to help people confront the things they fear most. Yet, it is important to recognize that some people are hesitant to go through exposure therapy because it might sound scary to confront fears. Exposure therapy is like any other  treatment for PTSD. It requires a tremendous commitment and can be difficult at times. A major part of most treatments for PTSD is confronting and connecting with feared situations, thoughts, and feelings. The way in which this is done in each treatment simply differ. Therefore, it is very important to find the right treatment and therapist for you. You can find out more information about treatment providers in your area who might offer exposure therapy through the Anxiety Disorder Association of America.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Internet Dependency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 781 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Television Essay Did you like this example? Internet has been the fastest source of all kinds of information nowadays. We can just visit the net, type, click search then we can get what we need and learn what we consider as necessary in our life. Some even look up the latest news neither in the television nor in radio but instead in the internet already. Yes indeed it is one of the easiest and quickest ways to get news. But, the question is, is it accurate enough to believe? People in this generation are very dependent on the web because of the variety of things that the internet can do. It is very easy for them to spread the news through the use of web sites, forums, and blogging without undergoing security measures or even verifications. An information about an event occurred here in the Philippines can even reach the whole world in no time. This has somehow brought danger in the condition of Philippine news media in talking about the context of how it is formed. The internet affects the precision of news concerni ng crucial events happening in the country and other places globally. And when a critical incident is taking place, all eyes are focused on it since it has become abundant and circulating freely in the net that everyone can have an access with it. Just like what is happening in Twitter and Face book, which are social networking sites where people starts to update their accounts regarding issues of their lives, fabricating various posts on the latest happening. They post whatever they hear on the radio and watch on the television though it’s not yet final and confirmed that eventually makes people to start exchanging unproved details thus forming up altered news. These situation leads to the weakening of the news media’s credibility in terms of propagating news stories. It’s now then hard to control the spreading out of news to whomever in the net. Random people, even people outside the country can read it and in the long run would believe it and have, more or less the wrong perception of the issue about our country. The truthfulness is by then changed. In due course, the true and exact details are hard to figure out. Then, confusion follows. Just in the recent hostage drama initiated by Mr. Rolando Mendoza, the web’s role had been tested. I’ve personally seen various reports and statements about the drama. Distinctively, a noticeable change in number of killed people was observed. Some sites said it was 9 some said it was 7. It did not show a clear picture of the truth because of the varied information that were coming out but still, it did shocked its readers and created a great impact towards them which has resulted to different reaction that has worsen or improved the condition of the Philippine news media and society. Other example of such is the spread of showbiz news in the net. Showbiz has been a hot topic for all season since people love to intrigue and have this passion for rumors about people whom they d o not personally know. There are various web sites with the intention of featuring the updates on the lives of the â€Å"stars† or â€Å"celebrities. † One will say this and the other will interpret it differently and then pass it again to others. The wrong unreliable information that frequently passed on to the internet has caused damage not only to the people involved but also the country where these people involved belongs to. As a result, erroneous and immense issues concerning them were constructed which deteriorate their credibility as a public figure and as a citizen of the country. Individuals are blaming the Philippine news media whenever they get incorrect reports. They tend to forget that internet can also be the reason for that. Our media’s integrity is now at stake since people’s minds get tangled by the various and altered news. Instead of helping, internet causes further bewilderment. People can’t now figure out the truth. They ar e misled by anonymous information spreading. Of course, it is good to have assorted source of news but if the meticulousness of details are at risk, better yet have one reliable source. And spend time to get into the core of the issue and grasp what is the truth. What’s the point of having a quick way of spreading news if its straightforwardness is lessened? Accuracy is much more important than speed and it is still better to believe in things that you have actually found out yourself rather than consider things that you have just heard from or read from the internet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Dependency" essay for you Create order

What Does A Social Psychology Research Tell Us About...

Research Topic What does recent social psychology research tell us about factors that enhance or deter attraction to others? Are people predictable on any of these contributing factors? Are there attraction factors that are universally the same? Explain. Are their differences in friend attraction and romantic attraction? Why? How does attraction differ by age and/or gender? Provide examples. Are these individual and/or linked to the cultural context? What does the empirical literature tell us about cross-cultural (not cross-racial) attraction and what influences the formation and continuation of these types of relationships? Are their advantages and/or disadvantages with cross-cultural relationships? Explain, and provide scientifically supported pros and cons with examples. What types of attraction are not explained by current attraction theory? Main Question: What are the different influencing factors, types, and effects of attraction? In studying interpersonal attraction and the many different psychological and societal aspects that accompany it, there are many patterns that seem to form amongst individuals when presented with a situation that involves attraction to or from another being. Some of these patterns are in reference to either the factors leading up to and predicting attraction, or in reference to the reactions that individuals have to any sort of physical attraction stimulus. For factors leading up to being able to predict attraction between individuals, thereShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. 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Child Poverty Free Essays

Why should we care about child poverty in the UK The term poverty Is used to describe people, Individuals or families who do not have as much money as other people in the society they live In. Poverty and child poverty go hand In hand, looking at the bigger picture If the parent’s are living In poverty so will the children, with lots of different elements possibly causing this. They may have a poor diet due to the fact that fruit, vegetables, meat and fish can be expensive especially when you have very little money. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now They cannot afford to live in the customs society feels are normal for example sky television or the latest clothes or trainers. However it is not always just money that can affect someone living in poverty it can also be having little or no education. Often children who live in poverty will leave school, at sixteen with bad GEESE results or none at all, resulting in no Job or a low paid Job, leaving them unable to provide for their family. Child poverty is not Just famine or children dying In the developing world as television images would have us believe, It Is a big problem in the united Kingdom too (End child poverty,2013). Its time our eyes were opened to the fact that â€Å"at least one out of every six children In the united Kingdom lives In relative poverty’ (BBC News, 2013). Child poverty can occur from many different elements â€Å"Is the single greatest threat to the well-being of children and families† (Bombards, 2013). A two parent family with two children needs to earn IEEE. O per week to stay above the poverty line, many families fall under this figure. Unemployment , low paid jobs, uneducated or poorly educated people contributed with high child care costs all attribute to the problem. As does inadequate benefits, the set levels of benefits can leave people below the poverty line (Save the children). Poverty can mean being cold or hungry often they are not able to enjoy a simple holiday as a family. Many miss out on clubs at school or after school and activities because they simply do not have the money. There are two ways to measure poverty, relative; net income that Is below sixty per cent of median net disposable Income and absolute; which Is adjusted to Inflation (BBC News, 2013). Slung relative the governments preferred measure of poverty, figures show here is no change in child poverty. However using absolute measure it shows poverty is a big problem for one in every six children (BBC News, 201 3). Living in poverty can affect the child’s goals, expectations and achievements, this also tends to repeat from generation to generation. Resulting in a cycle of poverty (End child poverty, 2013). The consciences of poverty continue through the generations, as adults the children are more likely to be unemployed because they are not qualified to gain a decent Job to earn money for themselves or their families, be homeless, buffer ill health both physically and mentally. Many struggle with social interaction often feeling excluded from society. It affects the child/children, the parent’s, family and the society around them. It can affect every area of a child’s development, social, educational and personal. Many become Involved In drug abuse, alcohol abuse and abusive relationships as they reach adulthood (Barnyards, 2013). The Issue of child poverty and the reoccurring cycle can be tackled by better education to help them achieve more skills and aim tort higher goals. Investing in nigh quality education and hillside for young children and offering support to parent’s, could help break the link between being poor and not doing well. The work and pensions secretary lain Duncan smith said â€Å"the government’s aim was to get children out of poverty by getting more people into wore( BBC News, 2013). Unemployed parent’s should be given every possible bit of help to get a Job, a good well paid one, with flexibility offered and help with childcare costs ( Child poverty action group,2000-2013). People in work should not be paid below the poverty line, increasing the minimum wage would help. The child poverty act legislation ensures action must be taken to tackle child poverty by this and the future governments, by the devolved administrations and by local government and their partners. The act sets out four United Kingdom targets which are to be met by 2020. They are that relative low income will be less than ten per cent. That combined low income and material deprivation (living standards) will be less than five per cent. Absolute low income will be less than five per cent and that persistent poverty (the length of time) will be set in regulations by 2015. The government is required to produce child poverty strategies that run through to 2020 and are refreshed every three years. These strategies will set out what action is needed to meet the targets in the child poverty act (Department for education, 2012). Child poverty is a big issue in the I-J and should be tackled appropriately so that less children in families with low income or no income suffer, decreasing the long term effects such as no Jobs or low paid Jobs, ill health, mentally and physically, homelessness, poor education, poor diet, being cold because there’s to enough money for heating and food. Making sure there is adequate education available to children and encouraging them to achieve good GASES to enable them to gain a well-paid good Job to support their family, support should be offered along the way. More awareness of the issues could help the government in their plight to uphold the targets in the child poverty act. As many people are not aware of the seriousness of the situation partly because of the media and their constant coverage of famine and dying children in the developing world (End child poverty, 2013). How to cite Child Poverty, Papers

Rich Countries Should Lend Financial Aid to Poor Countries Research Paper Example

Rich Countries Should Lend Financial Aid to Poor Countries Paper Lending financial aid to poor countries has become a trend of rich countries since the second half of the 20th century. In my opinion, it doesn’t matter whether rich countries should lend poor ones financial aid or not but the way poor countries utilize this capital source because financial aid has both pros and cons. For the first reason, financial aid is a helpful source to poor countries. It provides huge capital for these nations to develop infrastructure, improve education as well as health care systems and carry out big projects which can not be conducted without a large amount of money. Moreover, because this aid is lent at low interest rates in a limited time, receivers will gain advantages if using this source reasonably. However, to some extend, poor countries often depend on rich countries who lend them money. For example, these nations often have to make some agreements with creditors in using the financial source. Sometimes rich countries even make their voice on political problems of poor countries. Borrowing large amount of money, in turn, they often have to make some economic commitments and give lenders priorities in auctioned projects in their countries. In additions, financial aid may put poor countries at risk. For example, when they borrow too much money but can not control this source effectively, they may go insolvent. And this will become a burden for the later generations. The debt crisis recently in Greece is a warning to any country that has borrowed too much and cannot use the loans cleverly. Therefore, the way a poor nation use financial aid takes an utterly important role in deciding the effectiveness of this support. We will write a custom essay sample on Rich Countries Should Lend Financial Aid to Poor Countries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rich Countries Should Lend Financial Aid to Poor Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rich Countries Should Lend Financial Aid to Poor Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Simplifying administrative procedures, preventing corruption, investing reasonably and many other controlling methods are requirements posed for the governments so that they can keep them relatively independent of rich countries and well utilize the loans. In conclusion, lending financial aid is neither totally good nor totally bad. Its positive meanings depend on the real demand of poor countries and the way they use this aid. Poor countries will enhance their economies remarkably if they can use this aid effectively. In contrast, they may become the victim of overwhelming debt.