How to Write Literature Review Guide Tips

If you have heard of the term â€Å"literature review† but have never actually gotten around to doing one yourself, you probably think it is an essay or a research paper. This isn’t the case, however, as a literature review forms part of these academic works, as in a thesis or a dissertation, but it isn’t the subject of these documents in their entirety. You might also assume that a literature review only focuses on text books and journals. However, reviews can encompass anything – from government records to scholarly articles provided these published sources are reputable. The thing is that writing literature reviews is an important part of helping students develop the skills of close reading, mind mapping and synthesis of information from different sources. As a student, working on an important assignment such as a research paper, you first need to be conversant with the current artisanal state of affairs in your own field or the theoretical frameworks that affect the topic you are working on. Thus, doing a literature review first puts your study into proper perspective bearing in mind what other scholars have done before you and what their own studies have yielded. What Is a Literature Review? Simple Definition A literature review or the process of producing one thereof is simply trying to position your own study in a research framework by referencing in a detailed and extensive fashion other related studies in your own work. This allows you to make connections and draw adequate conclusions from these sources while gauging your own work, including such factors as methodologies and assumptions. A literature review either establishes context through an examination of extant factors or simply summarizes current literature. These sources have to be relevant, recent, reputable, and should allow you to make due connections to gauge your own study. While you may choose to simply summarize these sources, it is prudent to do it logically and through proper synthesis, which means reordering the information in a manner that appeals best to your own study. For example, your intent might be to showcase the progression of HIV preventative treatments through the decades, in which case you might go for a time sequence summary or opt to start with the most well-known research in this field. How to Write a Good Literature Review Conducting a lit review helps to avoid reproducing work that has already been researched and helps check for gaps that exist in previous research so that you can solidify your own position. If you cannot showcase an understanding of the past material and make accurate contextual links not only to erstwhile studies but also to your own thesis and research questions, your review will flatly underperform. The key ingredient to creating a stellar lit review is to have credible sources which have been peer reviewed. Checking the author’s past contributions will allow you to gauge whether they are experts in the field and whether their own biases have clouded their writing process. So what is the extent of the author’s expertise and in the field? Have they conducted a milestone study? A great place to start for your sources is subject specialists in your library or your academic department. The default go-to place is Google Scholar, which unfortunately may provide too many or too few sources but is ultimately great if you’re looking for the most cited works. How to Start a Literature Review Once you have zoomed in on sources which could number in the dozens, it’s time to select from the best among these. The best sources are those that also address current conversations and trends. For example, if you were solely focused on a great source in cancer research which was produced in the 1950s, you’d miss out on other great debates and conversations which may look at cancer treatment from a more advanced perspective like nanotechnology. Knowing what to start with writing your review is probably the most difficult part. Reading through these various sources should reveal patterns and trends, different methodologies, and various conclusions attributed to various researchers. What organization would produce the best effect? Is it arranging your sources and study topically, sequentially, theoretically, chronologically, methodologically, thematically, or geographically? For example, you may want to showcase how various qualitative methodologies were ineffective, thus leading to your use of bootstrapping. Ultimately, you may end up using a combination of all these methods. How to Structure a Literature Review A literature review typically begins with a title (which should provide a glimpse of your thesis), an abstract which introduces the purpose and scope of the review (including possible keywords at the bottom), the introduction which introduces your study, research parameters and overall aims of the study, body paragraphs arranged under subheadings, and an astute conclusion. The title should be angled towards the general objectives of the review. Since a lit review is all about compiling and synthesizing from sources, it is important to read analytically as you annotate and make notes, as an alternative to simple highlighting. Ultimately, your chosen literature review structure should work to enhance your own independent analysis, reflect the purpose of the study, and fulfill any departmental requirements. Acing Your Literature Review Introduction The thing is that a great introduction makes your entire lit review excellent as this section does the following: Presents an overview of the study in its entirety. Breaks down a thesis question into specific research, objectives which will be directly linked to the sources. Establishes the parameters of your research, including any anticipated changes or deviations from the previous strategies and methodologies. Places your review into greater context and answers the question of why you are doing the study in the first place. In the introduction section, you are giving your readers the chance to involve themselves in your study without delving too deep into the detail. This is the best opportunity for you to demonstrate your understanding of the research topic in its entirety and the necessity of your study. Superb Delivery on Your Literature Review Body As already mentioned, you may divide your body paragraphs into subheadings while seeking various effects through methodological, theoretical, chronological, thematic or any other mode of presentation. Headers should be applied, and topic sentences should be used to introduce the content that follows, with transition sentences being used to connect the various ideas and sections. Wrap It All Up with Your Literature Review Conclusion The conclusion is your opportunity to show the reader the purpose of your study and that you fully understand the content and contextual material in the entirety of your research, as presented by a vast array of authors. You can restate your thesis here and also provide a way forward as to why your own study is conclusive (or not), and propose how research in this area can be progressed. Still Need Help with Your Assignment? Get It from Experts Hopefully, reading this article helped you to understand the peculiarities of a literature review. However, if you still need help, you can get it from our expert essay writers here. All you have to do is place an order.

How to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Ying-jiu)

How to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Ying-jiu) In this article, we will look at how to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (traditional: é ¦ ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ , simplified: é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ), which in Hanyu Pinyin would be MÇŽ YÄ «ng-jiÇ”. Since most students use Hanyu Pinyin for pronunciation, I will henceforth use that. Ma Ying-jiu was president of Taiwan (Republic of China) from 2008 to 2016. Below, I will first give you a quick and dirty way if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce the name. Then I’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing Chinese names correctly can be very hard if you havent studied the language.  Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand. Read more about how to pronounce Chinese names. How to Pronounce Ma Ying-jiu if Youve Never Studied Chinese Chinese names usually consist of three syllables, with the first being the family name and the last two the personal name. There are exceptions to this rule, but it holds true in a vast majority of cases. Thus, there are three syllables we need to deal with. Listen to the pronunciation here while reading the explanation. Repeat yourself! Ma - Pronounce as ma in markYing - Pronounce as Eng in EnglishJiu - Pronounce as Joe If you want want to have a go at the tones, they are low, high-flat and low (or dipping, see below). Note: This pronunciation is not correct pronunciation in Mandarin (though it is reasonably close). To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). How to Actually Pronounce Ma Yingjiu If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many traps and pitfalls in Pinyin you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the three syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Ma  (third tone) - You are probably familiar with this sound if youve studied Mandarin since its often used to demonstrate tones and is very common. The m is easy to get right, but the a is harder. In general, the a in mark is too far back, but the a in man is too far forward. Somewhere in between. It is a very open sound, too.Ying  (first tone) - As you may have guessed already, this syllable was chosen to represent England and thereby English because they do sound quite similar. The i (which is spelt yi here) in Mandarin is pronounced with the tongue tip closer to the upper teeth than in English. Its as far up and forward ou can go, basically. It can almost sound like a soft j at times. The final can have an optional short schwa (as in English the). To get the right -ng, let your jaw drop and your tongue withdraw.Jiu (third tone) -This sound is tricky to get right. First, j is one of the hardest sounds to get right for native speakers of English. Its a voiceless unaspriated aff ricate, which means that there should be a soft t followed by a hissing sound. This should be pronounced in the same place as x, which means tongue tip touching the lower teeth ridge. iu is an abbreviation of iou. The i tends to overlap with the initial. The remaining part is somewhere in between jaw and joe, but note that the English j is quite different from Pinyin j.. The are some variations for these sounds, but Ma Ying-jiu (é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ) can be written like this in IPA: ma jəŋ tÉ•ju Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Ma Ying -jiu (é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learnt the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be Essay

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be considered a form of communication. Does it make sense to speak of the language of clothes - Essay Example Again, the phrase appears to give an entire cultures implicit understanding of clothing and styles as communicative function. Normally, both clothing and the communicative function of style are perceived as a kind of being problematic and well understood in some culture. Majorly, an investigation into whether clothing behavior is, in general, a communicative adjustment to a particular culture will carefully be discussed herein. Basically, the paper examines the correlation in the communicative adaptability and the clothing tendency(Barnard, 1996). Clothing has a communicative function. In accordance to the understanding of the social psychology of dress, it is important that one understands that the total arrangement of outwardly detectable body modification inclusive of all material objects added onto it brings out the body supplement (May, 2013). In this case, the body modifications directly change the body, which includes making changes of the color appearance, supplements addition such as jewelry, clothing and hearing aids and a wide range of accessories. Some of the modifications in an individual may end up permanent like teeth straightening or even temporary such as deodorant. Thus, dress can alter how the body looks, feels, smells or even sounds. Clothing is taken to be a universal human behavior in that there are no societies where people do not engage in dressing behaviourism (Gott and Loughran, 2010). In defining clothing, it was noted that clothes provide to outright functions for humans, that is a modifier in the body process and as a medium of communication. When thinking about clothing in the dimension of modifier of the body process the focus is on the supplements and modifications that usually serve as interfaces between the general body and the large physical and the social environments in which human beings are found to live. When clothing protects the human body from

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Individual Report - Essay Example ..10 Forecasts and Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Executive Summary Stereotyping and prejudice are forms of discrimination. Hurst (2007) stated, â€Å"One reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals.† In the case of stereotyping, individuals are put into groups that make them appear to have similar distinctions that give them an identity. Such groups could be identified by race, age, gender, and educational attainment to name a few. These forms of discrimination are evident in the workforce various organizations. Moreover, changing times have caused the amplification of some forms of discrimination, while other forms have subsided. However, despite the lowered levels of certain forms of discrimination, employees are still significantly affected by it. Discrimination has caused decreased moral, poor job satisfaction, and increased employee turnover. Furthermore, discrimination not only affects the employees, it ultimately causes poor overall performance of an organization. It is important for an organization to ensure the welfare of its workforce in order to ascertain that the organization would be able to perform competitively and effectively. The client, which is a logistics company based in Kuwait, has problems in stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace. The group suggest the use of Geert Hostede's five cultural dimensions in assessing the issues of the organization. In addition, various management styles could also be considered in order to help elimin ate or at least minimize the issue of discrimination within the workplace. The following sections would provide justification for the chosen cultural theory and management styles, while aligning it with the aim of solving the issue of stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace of the logistics company. Terms of Reference The group is composed of consulants from an HR consulting company which has been contracted to identify ways of improving the organizational cutlure of a culturally diverse company company. One of the primary issues that was brought up is stereoptyping and discrimination. This paper will tackle these issues in greater depth. The client is a large scale company that offers logistics services from specific drop-off and pick-up stations to any point in the world. Main offices are located in Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The company offers sea, land, and air freight services. Among the aims of the company are to provide excellent services through cost an d schedule control, efficiency and safety of operations. Moreover, the logistics company achieves profitability through solid dedication to catering to the needs of their customers and through the development of its employees. The client handles more than 750 employees. With a relatively large workforce, diversity among the employees is absolute. The company recorded employee citizenship to range from local recruits to American and European executives. In addition, employees differ in educational attainment. They

A Comparison between Walgreens and Wal-Mart Term Paper

A Comparison between Walgreens and Wal-Mart - Term Paper Example Both companies started off with core objectives of providing efficient services with regard to effective delivery of services in the drug retail sector. With time, both companies have grown to reputable companies with regard various service delivery practices related to the retailing industry. There exists a thin line with regard to the existence of service advantages of the services offered by both companies. Thus, in comparing and contrasting both companies, an individual requires the necessary content for effective realization of the service advantages. In addition, the employment of various analytic tools such as Porters’ 5 forces would provide the desired distinguishing edge. Founded by Charles R. Walgreen in 1901, Walgreens has grown to be one of the largest drug retailing companies in the U.S. according to its official website; the company currently boasts of over 8000 locations across the nation. This represents a significant expansion of the company from its headquart ers in Chicago, Illinois. Thus, the company provides services with regard to pharmacy, health and wellness. The company’s provision of these services is championed by the employment of various drugs stores and health service divisions in the country. Walgreens owes its origin to the establishment of small drug store in Chicago, Illinois in the early XX century. By the 1920s, the company’s stores had incurred a tremendous growth. ... Thus, according to the company’s official website, the company operates various departmental and warehouse stores around the world. The company has grown to be the leading retailer globally and the third largest public corporation. With more than 2 million employees around the world, the company boasts of the largest employee base in the in the globe. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, Wal-Mart owes its origin to the discounting ventures of its founder, Sam Walton. Walton employed the use of various discounted stores in the promotion of increased sales. Thus, Walton opened his first discounted store in Arkansas in 1962 which represented the birth of Wal-Mart Company. The company has, thus, rapidly expanded to become one of the leading companies in the world with regard to the retail industry. Comparative Analysis of both Wal-Mart and Walgreens Both Wal-Mart and Walgreen companies have engaged in cut-throat competition practices with regard to the dominance of the drug ret ail industry. However, it is necessary to note that upon the inception of Wal-Mart in 1962, Walgreens had been in operation for over 50 years. Thus, in order to gain rapid market share and competitive advantage with regard to Walgreens, Wal-Mart had to employ strategic competitive measures. Thus, Wal-Mart employed strategy that was centered on improving livelihoods. Enhancing people’s lives, thus, formed Wal-Mart’s mission (Amendola, 2012). This was accomplished through helping people to save money. Sam, Wal-Mart’s founder, wanted to improve people’s lives by lowering the high cost of living. Through the establishment of various strategies in Wal-Mart, Sam succeeded in creating a suitable platform for

Geography

Geography Geography Location The community lies in the Weschnitz valley in the Odenwaldsome 25km north of Heidelbergand about 20km northeast of Mannheim. It is on Bundesstraße38, and the river Weschnitz flows through it. The land is hilly, green and dotted with horse farms and forests. Neighbouring communities Birkenau borders in the north on the community of MÃ ¶rlenbach, in the east on the community ofAbtsteinach, in the south on the community ofGorxheimertaland in the west on the towns of Weinheimand Hemsbach(both in Rhein-Neckar-KreisinBaden-WÃ ¼rttemberg). Constituent communities Birkenaus Ortsteileare Birkenau, Buchklingen, Hornbach, Kallstadt, LÃ ¶hrbach, Nieder-Liebersbach, Reisen and Schnorrenbach. Climate Owing to its location near the Bergstraße, a mild climate prevails in Birkenau, which can often be seen in what for Germany is a very early blossoming ofalmondtrees. History Schloss Birkenau Birkenau had its first documentary mention in 795 in the Lorsch Codexas a cell of the Lorsch Abbey. As one of the Abbeys holdings, it passed into the ownership of the Archbishopric of Mainz in 1232. The centres of Hornbach and Balzenbach, on the other hand, belonged to Electoral Palatinate, meaning that after the Reformation, they belonged to different denominations. In 1532 the town hall was built, and in 1771 the palace, Schloss Birkenau, of the Lords of Wambolt von Umstadt. By 1964, the population had grown to more than 5,000. In 1967 the community was recognized as a recreational resort (Erholungsort) and in 1979 as an open-air resort (Luftkurort). Owing to the only slight tourism, however, it has not reapplied for this designation. In 1995, Birkenau celebrated its 1,200-year jubilee.

Taxing and E-Commerce Essay -- Internet Tax Sales Papers

Taxing and E-Commerce With the advent of the Internet, e-commerce exploded, and in 2003, the estimated value of online sales was 95.7 billion dollars (epaynews). It also is estimated that 30% of online users buy online (epaynews). As e-commerce and the revenues from e-commerce increase, so do the questions and problems concerning taxes. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web, and more than 30,000 tax jurisdictions in the United States (US), (Internet Taxation) it is easy to see the complications that exist in the taxation of e-commerce. Who do you tax? How is it collected? Can taxes be collected from a sale that was made in another state, and what is considered a substantial â€Å"nexus† in the buyers state. Because 75% of the American population have access and use the Internet (Don’t Tax the Internet) this is an issue that affects the majority of Americans. According to an article published by the Citizens For a Sound Economy, â€Å"State and local access fees could add 20-25 % to the average Internet consumer’s bill †¦ that may not sound like much in Washington, but it could strand millions of low-income Americans on the wrong side of the digital divide† (Don’t tax the internet). Because taxation is an issue that affects most Americans, it is important to understand what types of taxes that there are and that could be levied, the past and current internet taxation policies, and finally the challenges and benefits of internet taxation. There are many different taxes that are being considered at this time, and that could be levied on the Internet and its users. The first type, which is being considered, affects all Internet users, as it is a tax on Internet access. In some states where this type of tax does exist it is ... ...d affect global consumers, I think that it is fair that the consumer be subject to the vendor’s country’s tax. I learned a lot from the research that I did. I learned that those in the government are considering Internet taxation, and whether we agree or disagree, it is important that we get involved. Otherwise, we may end up with an outcome that we disagree with. Work Cited Epaynews: http://www.epaynews.com/statistics/purchases.html Internet Taxation: http://www.pubpol.duke.edu/centers/dewitt/course/internetandsociety/taxation/ Don’t Tax the Internet: http://www.cse.org/informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=1748 Internet Taxation: Which side are you on?: http://www.powerhomebiz.com/vol4/internet-taxation.htm E-Commerce and Internet Taxation: Issues, Organizations, and Findings: http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun00/gordon-murnane.htm

Philippine Revolution and Jose Rizal Essay

Paciano without a doubt was a great hero. He was just kinda outshined by his younger brother, jose. I’d say our national hero’s patriotism was highly influenced by him, he was an idol kuya in the eyes of Jose Rizal. Father Jose Burgos was a close friend of Paciano (whose death, together w/ Zamora and Gomez’s, according to rizal himself, had â€Å"opened his eyes† re the sad plight of our country back then), so we can clearly visualize the imprint of Paciano on Rizal’s nationalism. He (paciano) was the one who financed Rizal’s education in europe. We wouldnt have the great Jose Rizal if it hadnt been for the unsung heroism of Paciano.   Paciano joined and actively supported Propaganda Movement for social reforms, and supported the Movement’s newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. An avid supporter of the movement, he did tasks such as collecting funds to finance the said organization, and solicited money for the nationalist paper. As a Katipunero, he influenced people in Laguna with the revolutionary ideals. Despite the tortures he had in the hands of the Spaniards, he refused to implicate his younger brother who was kept in tight security in Fort Santiago. In January 1897, after his younger brother’s execution, Paciano joined General Emilio Aguinaldo inCavite. He was appointed brigadier general of the revolutionary forces, and was elected Secretary of Finance in the Departmental Government of Central Luzon.[1] During the Philippine-American War (1899–1913), he commanded the Filipino forces in Laguna. U.S. troops captured him in Laguna on 1900.[1] He was released soon after, and he settled in the town of Los Banos, Laguna. Not many Filipinos are aware that Paciano Rizal, the older and only brother of Josà © Rizal, was an active and passionate member of the Katipunan. As a katipunero, Paciano was no less heroic than his very famous brother. So little is known of Paciano. Yet, he is one of the unsung heroes of the Katipunan. Paciano was Rizal’s model for Pilosopong Tasio, one of the important and very interesting characters in his novel Noli me tangere. In his letter to Blumentritt dated 23 June 1888, Rizal wrote †I don’t know why I forgot to introduce you to my brother. You who wish to know good men will find in him the most noble of the Filipinos. My friend Taviel de Andrade said that he was the only man in the Philippines – the young Philosopher Tasio. When I think of him, though an Indio, more generous and noble than all the present-day Spaniards put together.† As the the elder son, Paciano helped the family in managing their farm and was like a. Not only did he help finance Rizal’s education in Europe, he did his best to save money to have his brother’s two novels printed, collected financial contributions for the Propaganda Movement, and solicited subscription for the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist newspaper. He also supported the Katipunan by propagating its ideals in Laguna. When Josà © was jailed in Fort Santiago in 1896, Paciano was also arrested and tortured to force him to give testimony that would prove his brother guilty of sedition. After Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan, Paciano went to Imus, Cavite to offer his services to Emilio Aguinaldo. He become the military commander of the revolutionary forces in Laguna and continued. He continued fighting as a katipunero in the Filipino-American War. In an interview for an article featured in the Philippine Centennial in the Francisco Rizal Lopez, one of Paciano’s grandsons, told of his grandfather’s days a a revolucionario. Lopez said that Paciano nearly died of the torture. â€Å"His whole body was swollen and bloody because of the torture he received. The authorities brought him to my grandmother Narcissa because they thought he was going to die. After a week, he recovered. But he was actually at death’s door.† â€Å"My aunt told us a story about my Lolo Paciano whe n he was a revolucionario. She told us that everyday, my Lolo and the other revolucionarios would count the money they had collected. One day, my aunt was so tired and her hands were malansa so she asked my grandfather, ‘Puede po bang makakuha ng cinco centimo diyan para makabili ng sabon dahil malagkit po at malansa ang kamay namin?’ (Could we get five cents to buy soap because our hands are sticky and putrid?) My Lolo got very angry and he said, ‘Huag ninyong galawin ang perang ‘yan!’ (Don’t ever touch that money. That’s for the revolution!)† Sometime in 1900, Paciano was captured by the Americans and ordered to swear allegiance to the American flag. According to his grandson, Paciano said, â€Å"I cannot swear to any other flag because my allegiance belongs to the Filipino flag. But I can assure you, since we have lost and I have surrendered, I am going to leave you in peace.† After the revolution, it was almost impossible for the Rizals to live in Calamba. They have been stripped of everything they owned and they felt persecuted, so they chose to live in Los Baà ±os, the town next to Calamba. Paciano Rizal’s home stands near the Los Baà ±os municipal hall, beside the fire station. There he lived the rest of his life until he died of tuberculosis on April 30, 1930. Francisco Lopez described Paciano’s physical appearance and character, â€Å"My Lolo was a very humble, a very simple man. He never talked to us about his sacrifices in the Revolution. We did not even know up to the time of his death that he was a general in Aguinaldo’s army.† Paciano was a very thrifty man but not with his nephews to whom he always gave money to buy â€Å"tsampoy†. Of the two known pictures of Paciano, one was taken by one of Mr. Lopez’s uncle and the other was a picture of him as lay in his coffin. Paciano had a daughter, Emiliana who is Francisco Lopez’ mother, but he was never married because he could not marry under the Dominican priest. Emiliana, married her first cousin, Antonio Lopez. He was Narcissa Rizal’s son. Paciano lived a peaceful life during the American occupation. and kept his promise that he would leave the Americans in peace. He must have intensely disliked the Americans from an anecdote that Lopez told: † There was a certain Governor-General Leonard Wood and my grandfather did not like him. He had a dog and he named the dog Wood. So every time he felt like cursing the Americans, he would curse the dog† Paciano Rizal was buried in Cementerio del Norte in Manila but his bones were transferred to his home in Los Baà ±os in 1985. were he was given complete military honors. Paciano Rizal, Josà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s kuya, or older brother by a decade and protà ©gà © of Fr. Burgos, had witnessed the garroting of the three curates and been, along with his generation, radicalized by it. His retelling to the sensitive eleven-year-old in Calamba in turn left an indelible impression on the young man, about to leave for Intramuros to study at the Ateneo. Later on Rizal said of the martyrdom, â€Å"Without 1872 there would be now neither Plaridel nor Jaena nor Sancianco, nor the valiant and generous Filipino expatriates in Europe. Without 1872, Rizal would have been a Jesuit and instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere would have instead written something entirely different.† Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo (really a continuation of the Noli) to the memory of the three martyrs. Last year saw the commemoration cum celebration of the younger Rizal’s 150th birth anniversary, but not much has been said (at least, not much that I am aware of) about Paciano’s invaluable role in shaping the path his younger brother took, always there to lend a hand, a quiet, rock-solid presence Pepe could rely on. Paciano arranged, along with an uncle, for Pepe to embark for Europe in 1882, whose heady Enlightenment zeitgeist further sharpened Rizal’s critique of Spanish colonial rule. For at least five years Paciano sent him a monthly stipend, and once the Propaganda Movement had gotten off the ground helped raise funds for it. In 1896 he was imprisoned and tortured, to force him to implicate Josà © in the revolution that had begun that August but the stouthearted Paciano would not break. He was released and once Josà © was executed, Paciano volunteered for Aguinaldo’s army, and was made a general, his field of operations being Central Luzon. The revolution against the Spanish metamorphosing into the 1899 war against the U.S., General Rizal continued to fight, but was captured in 1900. Thereafter, despite offers of a government position as well as entreaties from prominent Laguna politicians to run for public office, Paciano, already married, chose the quiet life of a gentleman farmer, and died in 1930 at his home in Los Baà ±os, not far from Calamba, at the age of 79. Paciano’s love for and devotion to his younger brother meant a life behind the scenes, dramatic certainly in many instances but rarely in the limelight, never in the scene-stealing manner of Josà ©. Kuya Paciano’s life made the latter’s transformation into the icon every Filipino knows possible. He would have distanced himself from the label but in my book Paciano Mercado Rizal y Alonso is every bit the hero. Paciano Rizal, whose contribution to the Philippine revolution has been overshadowed by the greatness of his younger brother, Jose Rizal. When Jose Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for advance studies, Paciano, without the knowledge of their parents, asked Antonio Rivera, an uncle, to help in facilitating the travel of Jose Rizal abroad. Paciano himself engaged in the propaganda movement. When Marcelo H. del Pilar founded the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist vernacular paper, in 1882, Paciano eagerly assisted those behind the paper. He helped the paper by soliciting subscription in his province (Laguna) and in the neighbouring towns of Batangas. During this time Paciano kept Jose Rizal informed about events happening in the country. Aside from attending to the needs of the Rizal family, Paciano regualarly corresponded with Jose in Europe regarding such local problems as land troubles, crop failure, increased land rentals, the decrease in the price of sugar and even the worsening agrarian disputes in Calamba. Paciano’s land dispute with the friars resulted in his exile to Mindoro for one year in 1890. During Jose Rizal’s away abroad, Paciano met and fell in love with Severina Decena, a beautiful lass from Los BaÅ„os, Laguna. They had two children–a boy, who died during infancy, and a girl they named Emiliana. When Jose Rizal was arrested in 1896 Paciano was also arrested and detained. This was to insure the incrimination of Jose Rizal. The older Rizal was tortured and asked to sign a statement linking his younger brother to the Katipunan and to the Philippine Revolution, which had broken out in August of that year. After three days of fruitless interrogation Paciano was released. Before the end of 1896 the Philippine Revolution spread like wildfire to the province south of Manila. Laguna joined the fight for liberty. The emergence of Paciano Rizal as a revolutionary leader was something that could not but draw attention. The Spanish forces gained momentum in the pursuit of the revolutionists, for which reason General Paciano followed General Aguinaldo to Bulacan. The general and his men transferred their camp to Biyak-na-Bato. In December of 1897 the famous truce of Biyak-na-Bato was signed, ending the 1896 Philippine Revolution. In pursuance to the provisions of the agreement, General Aguinaldo and several ranking officers of the revolution surrendered their arms and exiled themselves to Hong Kong. The revolutionary leader left in the country were instructed to comply with the other provisions of the treaty, like the surrender of arms and ammunitions. In this connection General Aquinaldo’s generals were sent to various provinces to arrange for the surrender of the remaining revolutionists who were now scattered. General Artemio Ricarte was sent to Cavite, Gen. Jose Natrividad to Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga, General Miguel Malvar to Batangas, and Gen. Paciano Rizal to Laguna. Complying with orders, General Paciano Rizal, on 14-15 January 1898, surrendered the following to Spain’s General Ricardo Monet for the province of Laguna: 1 Mauser, 3 Remingtons, 46 muskets, 42 blunderbuss, 3 lantakas, 21 saber and 26 bolos. The truce failed, however, resulting in General Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines. The United States and Spain declared war on each other. Flipinos who had returned to their place under the Spanish government and those who had settled down in their farms activated their fight against the Spanish government and became part of the forces of General Aquinaldo. Among the revolutionary generals who responded was General Paciano Rizal. He again led the fighting in Laguna as the military commander of the area.   Battles were fought openly in Spanish-held towns. In the fastness of Laguna, General Paciano Rizal actively led the onslaught against the Spanish troops.On 31 August, two weeks after the surrender of Manila to the Americans, the Spanish civil official of Laguna Province and a group of Spanish soldiers surrendered to General Paciano Rizal in Santa Cruz, the provincial capital.   On 12 June 1898, the revolutionary leaders proclainmed to the whole world the birth of the Philippine Republic, the first republic in Asia.   The following year the Filipino- American War broke out. Well-trained and well-armed American soldiers prevailed over the ill-quipped Filipino revolutionists. The fight was one-sided.   The loss of many battles was attributed to the revolutionists’ life of hunger and sickness. General Paciano Rizal was affli cted with malaria and he had become weak, he was captured in Laguna by the Americans. The year was 1900. After the war Paciano led a passive private life and retired to his farm in Los BaÅ„os, Laguna. He passed away on 13 April 1930, at the age of 79.   Pedro Patero’s account of his negotiations peace between Spain and the Filipinos revolutionaries, â€Å"El Pacto de Biak na Bato† , Paciano relates: â€Å"What do you want? That we make peace with Spain? That we be the bearer and acceptor of peace, when they have shot my brother, Pepe, banished my parents and relatives, falsely accused us to the last of my family, confiscating our lands and hurling a thousand horrors on our faces? Ah, Don Pedro, dig a deep well. Fill it from the top to bottom with all the bolos and lances that you wish. Then, command me to throw myself into it and I Paciano Rizal, will do just that, but do not ask me for peace because that, Don Pedro, is impossible- absurd!† Paciano exploits reveal getting the Spaniards to surrender in Calamba, by using firecrackers to show the Filipinos were heavily armed. After 3 days the Spaniards surrendered. In his letter to the PIR seen at the National Library Paciano requested for the status of the Americans if they were allies or enemies. Their suspicious actuation in the area proved right, August 13, 1898, Filipinos was tricked by the Americans, they fought another battle. 1900, weakened by malaria, Paciano was captured by the Americans and is said to have refused to swear allegiance to the flag of the USA. While Apolinario Mabini the paralytic was exiled to Guam because he refused allegiance to America. May unanswered questions left, but nothing is definite as of now, except that Paciano Rizal proves like other heroes of the Revolution of 1896 and 1898, should be rescued from obscurity and given the rightful place in our history Characteristics Of A Hero Courage For a hero, courage is as important as a shell is to a tortoise. Without courage, a hero is just as vulnerable as any other man walking down the street. Courage here stands to signify that firmness of the spirit and ‘mettle’ of the soul to stare at danger and trouble right in the eye. Courage here stands to signify the valor it takes to overcome adversities and adversaries. It’s like a soldier rushing into battle knowing well that death awaits him. In all reality, this is what courage is all about! Sacrifice A hero does not become a hero by simply beating up a thousand goons and riding into the sunset victoriously with his lady love. If this was all it took to become a hero, every other Romeo beating up rivals and stealing away his love in the still of the night can be branded a hero. It really is more than that! Sacrifice is what helps a mere mortal make that journey from a mediocre life to one filled with greatness. Sacrifice, by definition, can be described as the giving up of something highly valued for a purpose of greater importance. Thus, in order to achieve greatness and the status of a hero, it is extremely essential for an individual to sacrifice. Determination A hero cannot be considered one, if he possesses a will as bendable as a tube of rubber. A hero truly becomes just that when he exercises his will or determination to come out on top at any cost. Determination can be best described as a hero’s resolve or firmness of purpose to achieve what his heart desires most. It’s all about staying focused and not resting until the task on hand is executed. In life it may not be easy to achieve any given thing, but it is with determination that a man can ultimately achieve what he desires most and turn himself into a champion. Conviction Conviction here does not refer to a person’s skill at convincing another, but it rather refers to a person’s firm belief in any particular thing. It can refer to an unshakeable way of looking at life and all its variables. In a way, the convictions that a man holds can go a long way in determining if he has what it takes to become a hero. In fact, no man can truly become a hero, if he does not possess conviction that is impenetrable as well as unbending. Dedication Do you think that a person can make a man out of himself without being dedicated to any particular thing in life? Obviously not! This is because in life in order to enjoy a permanent taste of success it is extremely important to exercise dedication. If you desire to master an instrument, you have got to be dedicated to master it and shouldn’t really rest until you do. True dedication shouldn’t be forced; it in fact is the direct result of true desire. It is this dedication that can help distinguish a man as a hero.

Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example

Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Harvesting papaya fruit Essay 1.0 Harvest From the journal article written by Bautista-Banos, Sivakumar, Bello-Perez, Villanueva-Arce, and Hernandez-Lopez ( 2013 ) , the postharvest handling stairss of papaia fruits are difference among the fruits meant for export and sold in the national market. For the fruit meant for export, there are specific adulthood index needed to be followed when reaping papaia fruits, which is at the mature phase of ? coloring material interruption ( one-stripe yellow at the blossom terminal or vertex and the quarter-ripe yellow ) . While for the papaia fruits meant for national market, they can be harvested at assorted maturing phases. Harmonizing to Medina, Gutierrez, and Garcia ( 2003 ) , the papaia fruits that fail to run into the export specifications will be rejected for export such as over-ripeness ( fruits exhibit localised softening or more than three xanthous chevrons at its base ) and under-ripeness ( no yellow stripes on fruits ) . However, those papaya fruits still can be accepted for sale in the national market. There are specialised tools and knives to reap the papaia fruits other than by manus ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . Losingss of quality in papaya fruits can be happened if the postharvest handling procedure do non command good. : 1.1 Loss in crop 1.1.1 Mechanical harm When papaia fruit is harvested by manus or with knives, the peduncle is snapped or cut from the tree, and the top of the fruit is instantly cut flower. If the papaia tree is excessively high and causes the harvest home of fruit unaccessible by manus, a tool that contains a long pole, a little round hoop attached with a little mesh bag every bit good as a horizontal blade above them is used. The blade is placed below the peduncle of the papaia fruit so the pole is moved upwards. After that, the papaia fruit will drop gently into the mesh bag ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . However, if the papaia fruit by chance drop to the difficult surface or rubbing against other fruits will do bruising. Besides that, crop tools, nails of choosers or peduncles from other fruits may do lesions on the fruit such as cuts and lead to the loss of tissue unity. The lesions can besides let the incursion of decomposing Fungis and bacteriums into the fruit tissue ( Camelo, 2002 ) . On the other manus, improper stor age of papaia fruit prior conveyance to packing house such as jammed mass exceeds the volume of the container can do high susceptibleness to fruit bruising that will impact the concluding quality of merchandise. This is because during maturation, bruised country will developed into soft, dark part and susceptible to secondary microbic infection ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 1.1.2 Pest and diseases in the field Harmonizing to Martins, Ventura, Lima, Culik, Costa and Ferreira ( 2012 ) , pest of quarantine Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitatais normally merely infests papaya fruits while still green. While papaya gluey disease is an intense and self-generated exudate of latex that is more unstable than normal. When the exudate of latex are oxidize and darken, dark runs are formed on the papaia fruits and giving them a blackish visual aspect. The fruit from workss infected with the virus are infested with fruit flies while still in a green and immature phase. St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) besides mentioned that infestation of papaia fruits by fruit flies with gluey disease was associated with a decreased degree of benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) , which is a natural chemical compound in the latex of papaia fruit that associated with opposition to fruit flies. 1.2 Control in crop 1.2.1 Proper managing during crop Good planning that involve harvest operation in good clip, full supervising at all phases of reaping and field handling could cut down the loss of crop ( FAO, 1989 ) . The mechanical hurt of papaya fruits can be reduced by utilizing rounded terminals of reaping scissors or knives to forestall punctures. The bead height during reassigning fruit to containers should be minimized to forestall bruising occurred. Root of the papaia fruit should be trimmed after crop to guarantee no fruit rubbing occur. Besides that, reap labor should be trained so they able to place and reap the right adulthood of papaya fruits with gently managing procedure. They are recommended to have on baseball mitts during crop and managing procedure to avoid doing harm to papaya fruits ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Proper storage of papaia fruits prior delivered to packing house is besides of import to command the loss of crop. The papaya fruits can be placed in individual bed into shallow, light coloured field crates with a froth bed for buffering. The harvest containers should be smooth and free of crisp border. In add-on, the field containers could non be overfilled. After that, the field crates should be placed in shaded conditions that are protected from the Sun and rain. The motion of papaya fruits can be minimized if excess attentions are being taken ; hence happening of fruit bruising could be reduced ( Medinaet Al. , 2003 ) . 1.2.2 Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation byTephritidsFruit Flies ( Systems Approach ) Harmonizing to St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) , the Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation by Tephritids ( System Approach ) has a strong biological and ecological base and it is able to cut down the hazard of infestation by the plague to about nothing. In this system, the papaia fruits are harvested in early phases of adulthood due to low hazard of infestation by fruit flies as the nowadays of natural chemical compound benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) in the latex of the fruits contain certain toxicity to the fruit flies. BITC has ovicidal and oviposition suppression activity against fruit flies. However, the concentration of BITC is decreased with the ripening of the papaia fruits, causes the mature fruit more susceptible to infestation by these insects. This system besides fixed that the papaia fruits for export should be harvested before they past the phase 2 of adulthood and the bring forthing Fieldss can non incorporate fruits with over phase 3 of adulthood. The gluey disease of pap aya fruits can be controlled by roguing the papaia workss at the beginning of the ocular visual aspect of the disease symptoms. Furthermore, harvest labor should carry on pattern of non go forthing papaia fruits beyond the phase 3 of adulthood in the field. It is besides of import to guarantee the phytosanitary quality of the field and quarantine security for the fruit flies in papaia fruits ( St. martinset al. ,2012 ) . 2.0 Packing house operation Packing house operations are the procedure needed to fix the papaia fruits for sale. There are several interventions being conducted to minimise the quality losingss of papaya fruits. Based on the journal article written by Bautista-Banoset Al.( 2013 ) , postharvest managing operation of the fruit meant for national market and export are different. Basically, the fruit meant for national market are conducted in the field where the fruits are exposed to environmental status, such as sunshine, high comparative humidness and dust while the managing operation of the fruit meant for export are conducted in the wadding house with controlled environmental status ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . A wadding house can be defined as a topographic point protected from conditions for merchandise and forces. It is allowed the fruits been prepared in a centralised handling operation ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Hence, the quality loss of papaya fruits can be reduced through wadding house operation when compar ison to field operation of fruit meant for national market. The interventions for fruit meant to export are harmonizing to the import ordinances of finish states ; include wax-fungicide intervention for disease control and heat or irradiation to minimise insect infestation ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . By and large, the operations in packing house include remotion of unmerchantable stuff, screening by adulthood and/or size, rating and packaging ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1 Loss in packing house 2.1.1 Physiological impairment There are several choice loss of papaya fruits during packing house operation, includes bruising, tan, skin scratchs, opposing, insect hurt, and blotched colour. Quality loss of papaya fruits may go on during response of packing house operation, which includes off-loading, look intoing and entering. The jammed containers that do non protected from the Sun and rain could do rapid impairment due to heat and H2O. The long exposure to tropical Sun will do terrible H2O loss from fruits, make them go overripe or softens, produce wilts and off-flavours, every bit good as decay quickly. Cleaning or lavation, and size scaling operation may besides do bruising. Besides that, the improper stacking of papaia fruits await for conveyance such as containers with overfilled or stacked excessively high will damage the fruits. This is because the hapless airing will do overheating and lead to rapid impairment ( high rate of respiration ) of papaia fruits. Careless managing such as dropping or throwing on fruits and jammed container during procedure of rating can besides do the high wet content and soft texture of papaia fruits susceptible to mechanical hurt include internal bruising and scratched on the tegument of fruits. The harm to the tegument of fruits will bring on early decay of papaia fruits. The hurts can go the entry points for disease beings doing decay, at the same clip H2O loss from damaged country will be increased, doing an addition rate of normal physiological dislocation. The internal bruising could do internal stain of papaia fruits due to the damaged tissues, and off-flavours because of unnatural physiological reactions in damaged parts ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1.2 Disease and Pest In response phases of packing house operation, there will be soiled with dirt, dust and decaying works stuffs. So the cross taint of those contaminations may go on during cleaned, sorted and packed operation. The post-harvest disease can be spread by field crates contaminated by dirt or decaying works stuffs, contaminated H2O used to rinse fruits, disintegrating rejected fruits left lying around the wadding house and taint healthy fruits in bundles. Postharvest spread of pest infestation could go on when the fruits are exposed to drawn-out periods of conveyance to packing house ( FAO, 1989 ) . 2.2 Control in packing house 2.2.1 Effectiveness in response The clip between crop and bringing of the packaged fruit merchandise should be minimized by a good readying and packing operations design. However the response country, where is weighing, numbering or quality analysing the harvested fruits before come ining the works could detain the processing, and may do the fruits are exposed to the Sun. Therefore, good record maintaining should be practiced to do the response work more efficaciously. Besides that, during dumping of fruits onto packing house eating lines, bead decelerators are of import to minimise the mechanical hurt and command the flow of fruits. Less bruising can be occurred if H2O dunking procedure is applied. This procedure can besides rinse away the soil from the field. In add-on, by chlorination of rinsing Waterss with 50-200ppm of active Cl could extinguish the Fungi spores and bacteriums on the surface of morbid fruits. Hence, the taint of healthy fruit can be prevented. Besides that, response country should form the ope ration in the order it is received: foremost in first out ( FAO, 1989 ) . Furthermore, the suited stacking form of crates can lend to command air flow through green goods. 2.2.2 Waxing Waxing operation can minimise desiccation and widen the postharvest life of papaia fruits through replacing the natural waxes that are removed by rinsing. Waxing can besides seal the little lesions that are produced during crop ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Waxes can move as bearers of some antifungals every bit good as improve visual aspect of the papaia fruits by increasing radiance of fruit tegument. Waxing can be applied through crop-dusting or foaming, or submergence and dripping etc. Soft coppices or rollers can be used to guarantee the unvarying distribution of waxes on the surface of papaya fruit. However, heavy application of waxes can barricade fruit gas exchange and bring forth tissue asphyxia, finally cause internal blackening and development of off-flavours and off-odours of fruit ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.2.3 Pest and disease control Antifungals can be applied to suppress or cut down the sprouting of spores without complete suppress the disease. Chlorine and sulfur dioxide are the illustration of antifungals that normally used. By adding 50 to 200ppm of Cl into H2O, it can cut down the figure of microorganisms nowadays on the surface of the fruit. However, the growing of pathogen that had existed in the fruit can non be stop. Hence, it is of import to use fumigants such as S dioxide to command the postharvest diseases. Besides that, heat intervention can besides command the insect and Fungi that nowadays on the fruits. From the diary articles written by Singh ( 2010 ) , the methods for conserving papaya include H2O heat intervention, forced hot air, UV and gamma irradiation, low temperature, low and high force per unit area, man-made edible/non-edible fruit coatings etc.Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesdecay of papaia can be reduced through hot H2O dip intervention at 44OC. While soft putrefactions caused by Rhizopus can be reduced through 20 proceedingss of hot H2O intervention at 49OC followed by immediate cold H2O intervention. The other heat intervention included force-air treated and dry or vapour heat treated can be used for disinfections of fruit flies on papaia. Low doses of UV and gamma irradiation can be applied to protect and widen the shelf life of papaia. Harmonizing to Abeywickrama, Wijeratha, Rajapaksha, Sarananda, and Kannangara ( 2012 ) , latex drippage that could stain papaias and make defect on the ocular entreaty and quality of papaia can be prevented by rinsing the papaia with 1 % w/v of Na aluminum sulfate ( alum ) . Besides that, the indispensable oils such as Indian sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and West Indian Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) can be sprayed on the papaia after reaping to widen the storage life and exhibit fungicidal consequence. Their surveies showed that the papaia at 25 % of adulthood washed in ( 1 % w/v ) alum and followed by spraying ( 0.16 % v/v ) basil oil to the papaia can widen shelf life of papaia to 14 yearss at 12-14OC. Mention Abeywickrama, K. , Wijeratha, C. , Rajapaksha, N. , Sarananda, K. and Kannangara, S. 2012. Control Strategies for Extending Storage Life of Papaya (Carica papaia ), Cultivars Red Lady’ and Rathna’ .Ceylon Journal of Science ( Bio. Sci. ) .41( 1 ) :27-34. Bautista-Banos, S. , Sivakumar, D. , Bello-Perez, A. , Villanueva-Arce, R. and Hernandez-Lopez, M. 2013. A Reappraisal of The Management Alternatives for Controlling Fungi on Papaya Fruit during The Postharvest Supply Chain.Crop Protection.49:8-20. Camelo, A. F. L. 2002. Manual for The Preparation and Sale of Fruits and Vegetables. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/3/a-y4893e/y4893e04.htm Retrieved on 10 December 2014. FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-harvest Food Losses Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops A Training Manual. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/t0073e/T0073E00.htm Retrieved on 11 December 2014. St. martins, D. S. , Ventura, J. A. , Lima, R. C. A. , Culik, M. P. , Costa, H. and Ferreira, P. S. F. 2012. Interaction between Papaya Meleira Virus ( PMeV ) Infection of Papaya Plants and Mediterranean Fruit Fly Infestation of Fruits.Crop Protection.36:7-10. Medina, J. D. L. C. , Gutierrez, G. V. and Garcia, H. S. 2003.Papaya: Post-harvest Operation.United State: FAO. Singh, P. 2010. Progresss in Control of Post-harvest Diseases of Papaya Fruit – A Review.Agricultural Reviews.31( 3 ) :194-202.

Trading Places and Local Hero Essays

Trading Places and Local Hero Essays Trading Places and Local Hero Paper Trading Places and Local Hero Paper Essay Topic: Film Trading Places is a film about contrasting people and how different people from diverse backgrounds can adapt to new surroundings. The two main characters are Lewis Winthorpe, a well off, successful businessman and Billy-Ray Valentine, a homeless man with no money or possessions. These two characters are put into an alien environment when they trade places and live each others lives, as the result of a bet between the two brothers who own the company Winthorpe works for. Local Hero concentrates more on the contrast in physical environment. In this film MacIntire, who works for a large oil company in Texas, is sent to work in a small remote village in Scotland. The locals seem to be very relaxed and the pace of life is very slow, unlike the busy employees of the Texas oil company. The film explores how MacIntire gradually takes on the behaviour of the new culture. The film Trading Places sets the scene at the start by showing examples of the two very different worlds it is going to explore. For example: a shot of a job centre bland and busy with artificial lighting where only the backs of heads can be seen is followed by a shot of Winthorpes kitchen The butler preparing breakfast on a clean, marble surface. In the background, fresh flowers. In the film Billy-Ray Valentine is a beggar who has to think up ways of making enough money for his next meal. He tries to dupe people into believing that he is a war veteran who has lost his eyesight as well as his legs. He works hard to make people believe him so that they will give him money. He lives by his wits. Mr. Winthorpe, however, does not work hard for his money at all. He has never had to worry about where his next meal will be coming from or even what shirt he will be wearing that day. He has a butler whose job it is to do that for him. The first bit of contrast seen in this film is that of the places of work of the two main characters. Billy-Ray works on a street corner. It is very dirty. Although it is quite busy, people dont seem to pay any attention to him and try to avoid walking near him on the pavement. Winthorpes workplace is extremely diverse. It has a grand foyer, receptionists desks lining the walls, all answering phone calls, doing paperwork. As he walks through the double doors at the entrance everyone says hello to him. Good morning Mr. Winthorpe How are you Mr. Winthorpe?. His private office is also large. He has a big desk and a reclining, leather chair. The walls are faced with beautiful paintings and in the corner, there is a sofa for when he feels tired. The first sighting we get of Billy-Ray, he is dressed in rags. He has dirty clothes on, shoes with holes in and his whole appearance is grubby. Winthorpe is dressed in the complete opposite. He has a blazer with matching tie, a neatly ironed shirt, pressed trousers and polished shoes. As a result of the bet between the owners of the company that Winthorpe works for, Billy-Ray Valentine and Lewis Winthorpe change places. The owners have different opinions about what makes a man successful. One has the idea that if a person, particularly a black person, comes from a not very well off background, they will never be successful. The other has the complete opposite opinion, that no matter who you are, if you are given the opportunity to do well in life, you will. So they have a bet on it. Drugs are planted on Winthorpe and the police are informed. Winthorpe is arrested and put in jail and Billy-Ray Valentine is employed to take his place. Winthorpe loses his job, his house and his bank account, which contains a lot of money, and his car. Billy-Ray is given it all. One of the biggest differences that the characters have to cope with is the fact one has gone from being homeless to living in a mansion, while the other has gone from the mansion to a life of poverty. Billy-Rays home environment is now luxurious. He lives in a huge house with a mahogany staircase, full of valuable ornaments and paintings. He eats his meals in a grand dining room, using expensive silverware. He has long relaxing baths in a large Jacuzzi with scented bubble bath, and he sleeps in a full-sized, four-poster bed. Meanwhile Winthorpe, on being released from jail, has nowhere and is reduced to living in a one bedroom flat which is owned by someone else. Billy-Ray now has money and Winthorpe is penniless. At first Billy-Ray struggles to accept his riches walking around the house, picking up objects and putting them in his pocket to steal them. After a while he begins to realise what he now has and tells guests, that he has invited round, to watch not to spill anything on his Persian rug. Winthorpe, however, never manages to cope without money. He finds it hard at the beginning and even harder at the end. Billy-Ray manages to cope successfully in his new environment. His knowledge of people helps him to do well. Winthorpe on the other hand cannot handle not having any money or possessions. Billy-Ray now lives in a privileged world. He has to make business decisions but has no previous business experience on which to rely on. However his life on the street has given him an education of a different sort. Winthorpe however had no previous experience on which to draw. His life had not taught him to cope with poverty or even how to do everyday things. He had taken his life and money for granted. He was used to getting respect because of who he was and had not really had to earn it. He had shown that he had a very low opinion of people who lived in poverty, which was where he was now, earlier in the film when he believed that Billy-Ray had stolen his brief case. Now he is seeing things in a different light. Local Hero also has a story line where one man is put into a completely different physical environment to the one he is used to. This comedy looks at the conflict between a Texas oil company and the canny residents of a Scottish fishing village whose land is needed by the Americans for their North Sea oil base. MacIntire has to leave the hectic life of working in Texas and go and work in Scotland. In Texas he works in a large office for a large company in a concrete jungle. The city is full of giant skyscrapers towering above all. The roads are all motorways, long, overcrowded and with impatient drivers. MacIntire is used to working in a busy office along with many others. There are people always on the phone, doing paper work, with no time to stop and look at the stars. Everyone is working under pressure. But now he gets the chance to leave Texas and work in the out doors. A Scottish man, who is going to help him find his way around the area he will be staying, meets him at the airp ort. Straight away you can see a difference in the appearance of the two men. MacIntire, in a suit and tie, where as the local is wearing trousers and a polo neck jumper. MacIntire is driven to where he is going to be staying. They drive along winding roads that stretch for miles, with no sign of habitation, through picturesque valleys and over lush green hills. The sky is a blue/grey and in the far distance, the sea. The area is so serene. There are no other cars on the road and not an office block in sight. While in Scotland MacIntire stays in a small Bed and Breakfast. Next door is a small accountants office. The accountant that works in the office happens to be the same person that owns the bed and breakfast and goes from one to the other all day. MacIntire believes that the inhabitants of the fishing village dont actually know why he is there. He is lulled into believing that the slow pace of life means that the people are unable to understand the wheeling and dealing of the Texan corporation. Although relaxed, the villagers are a lot smarter than MacIntire thinks. They hold secret meetings and discuss what to do about their problem. MacIntire soon learns to like the pace of life on the island and comes to resent the interruptions from his boss in America. He spends time just walking along the beach admiring the view of the sea and looking at the stars. As the film progresses you see a change in MacIntires appearance. He begins to wear polo neck jumpers instead of shirts and ties, as you have previously seen worn by the Scottish businessmen. He starts to have a drink in the pub with the locals as if he too was a local, and all together he seems less business like. By the end of the film, MacIntire wants to stay in the peacefulness of Scotland rather than return to the busy life of Texas. I think that both of these films are effective at putting across the contrast in different lifestyles in their own ways. Trading Places has two businessmen playing God with Billy-Rays and Winthrops lives, turning them around at the drop of a hat. Local Hero shows the changes of one man, MacIntire, as he stays in an alien environment for longer periods of time. They both show individuals getting an insight into a completely different way of life outside their previous experiences, and the effect it has on them. In most cases the person has found that they actually prefer the other lifestyle to their own. Winthorpe, on the other hand, doesnt prefer his new life to the old one but I think he now appreciates how hard some people have to work for money and how easy his life was for him before.

Financial Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Report - Case Study Example The group also has a specialized value driven service provider as Schindler Marine which has been involved in providing consultancy services and mobility solutions for ships since 1980s. It is based in Italy and also has operations in Miami, Florida. Its consulting activities and customized solutions cover all stages from planning and designing vessels to installation of escalators and elevators. Furthermore, this company also provides repairing, maintenance and modernization services to its valuable clients which include major cruise liners mainly operating in Europe (Schindler, 2008). ALSO Holding AG (ALSO) is the company's subsidiary which provides services in information and communications and produces consumer electronics for both wholesale and logistics sectors. ALSO is operating in different European countries and under a different name. The company faces strong competition from companies such as KONE (Finland), Otis Elevator (Farmington, CT) and ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Germany) (Hoovers 2009). In addition to these there is competition from numerous Asian companies based in Japan and China. The company has a strong brand which is recognised and accepted by customers worldwide. The company has a global presence through 1,000 representative offices and subsidiaries operating in different countries which make it well organized group with conviction ensured by the head office. Three major strengths of the company have been identified which are reliability, mobility and innovation leader. The reliability of the company has been mainly driven from the quality of its products and services. The company has a team of technicians and engineers who are involved in the process of design newer technologies and products which cater to a large number of customers in different sectors. These products are designed in such a way that customers and general public can have a sense of safety. The company has issued its corporate citizenship report which is aimed at providing safety precautions to millions of customers who use Schindler manufactured elevators and escalators. The company has implemented e-monitoring diagnostic tools to assists in trouble shooting. This allows companies technicians to respond to customers' problems in a short period of time. Employees of the company are also its strength involved in development of technology The company's operations are spread out globally and well integrated with its head office in Switzerland. The company is operating in almost 100 countries across 6 continents and has been successfully able to compete against its competitors to generate high value sales. This could be observed from the following graph which clearly indicates the geographical dispersion of sales of both divisions of the company. From this it can be seen that 79% of ALSO's sales are from company's contracts outside Switzerland. Similar its elevator and escalator division makes most of its sales in EU markets, North America and Asia. In this way the company

How to Write a Criminal Investigative Report Essay

How to Write a Criminal Investigative Report - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the criminal investigative report must contain a narrative for the events that occur. In constructing this investigative report the main challenge was the conflicting information given by different witnesses. Upon arriving at the scene of the murder at the home there was a collection of witnesses that were at the location during the shooting. While the forensic evidence had not been collected, the witnesses provided a number of opposing accounts. The first individual the author interviewed indicated that the shooting occurred as a result of a drunken accident. His claim was that the deceased and another individual were playing with the loaded gun and as a result of one individual falling the gun discharged and the bullet lodged in the individual’s forehead. The second witness that was spoken to indicated that while he did not witness the actual shooting, he had overheard the two individuals arguing in a fight that grew increasingl y loud before gunshots went off. The final witness was the individual involved in the actual incident who stated the deceased shot himself with the gun not knowing there was ammunition in the chamber. While the exact incidence of the shooting is not known, it’s believed that the first witness, who is also the brother of the individual that was involved in the shooting, is covering for his brother. It’s believed the second witness is being accurate in his description of the conflict that occurred before the shooting. Finally, believed that the individual involved in the shooting is lying to cover his involvement in the crime.