Teen Pregnancy Essay - 1513 Words

Teen Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy affects our society in many different negative ways. Approximately seven percent of all teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year (MacKay, 6). Becoming a mom at a young age will make you grow up faster than the average teenage girl. You may have the help at home but it’s up to you to get things accomplished. That will cause you to rely on taxpayers and the society. For some teen moms, that’s all they will rely on, they don’t want more than that. Some teens get pregnant and it gives them a push to want more in life, others choose to stop and allow it to affect them. Society doesn’t accept pregnant teens as they should. In 2016, just over 209,480 babies were born to teen girls between the†¦show more content†¦Medicaid will pay for mostly everything including doctor visits, medicine, and postnatal care. As far as other things go after they have the baby the mom will depend on welfare programs to take care of her and/or the baby. Some teens use welfare services to pay for raising their child. At most times teen moms or the family don’t know about the resources that are out there to help low income families. Since most don’t know they choose to place their child up for adoption. There are multiple reasons why most moms choose that route to go, their financial situation or child neglect can come into effect. What teen moms fail to realize is that once they put their child up for adoption, we as taxpayers have to pay for it. Yes, it takes the burden off of the mom but puts it on us as a society. Once the child is adopted, the adoption parents will be offered a tax credit for adopting the child. It becomes very expensive taking on an extra child. Taxpayers can receive a tax credit for all qualifying adoption expenses up to $13, 570 in 2017. Instead of placing the child up for adoption, the teen should utilize the resources that they have around such as different welfare programs. Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is a welfare and subsidy program that provides supplemental foods and health care referrals for low-income pregnant, breastfeedingShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay2181 Words   |  9 PagesPregnancies are a wonderful thing. Just imagine being able to create another human being and bringing it into the world. Although this may be what the majority of mothers think, teen moms may have a different perspective. They might have been forced into pregnancy and the child may be a reoccurring thought of what happened to her. Chances are the teen will love her baby in the long run, but in the beginning the teen most likely had different views. Teen pregnancy is a worldwide problem that needsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Pregnancy Nearly thirteen percent of all births in the United States were teenage girls from the ages fifteen to nineteen. Almost one million teenagers become pregnant each year and about 485,00 give birth. In many situations the answer to keeping a relationship going is to have a good sex life. Most teen relationships are based on sex. This is one of the main reasons why teenage birth rates are so high. I am a good person to make a case for this topic because I have witnessed from a familyRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy1041 Words   |  5 PagesIt has been said that teens across the world have not been receiving enough sex education. This has led to many issues with teens becoming pregnant, which most of the time is unanticipated. Teenage pregnancy has been a social problem throughout the world for a number of decades now. Many studies have been completed in several countries that pertain to the amount of teens and the types of teens who are becoming pregnant. Rates among teens had bee n declining for some time, but are starting to takeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is teen pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. There are many reasons why teens end up pregnant at such a young age. These reasons consist of family related problems, the lack of being taught about safe sex in school and by parents at homeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is going to help reduce the alarmingly high rate of teen pregnancies has not ceased. Many argue over whether abstinence-only should be taught in high school and if it is the key to reducing the high teen pregnancy rate. From my standpoint, I believe that it should be taught. However, it should be accompanied by the teachings of birth control along with other contraceptives and how to use them. The fact of the matter is that teen pregnancies continue to be a prevalent problem and teaching abstinenceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Over the past two decades, the rates of teen pregnancy have grown dramatically. According to the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy, approximately every thirty-one seconds ateenager becomes pregnant in the United States. This is unbelievable, however that is the truth that no one can deny. Many people think that teen pregnancy dont effect them unless they get pregnant or one of the family members in teenage get pregnant. However teen pregnancy really affects our communities and countryRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesdifficulties that come with an unplanned pregnancy in teens can have a profound effect on their life. Their physical, social, mental, and emotional health will all be affected by a sudden change in the course of their life. Teens impacted with an unplanned pregnancy will have to give up many things in order to be a parent. In addition, they will have to take on many more responsibilities that accompany pregnancy and parenthood. All in all, having an unplanned pregnancy and becoming a parent introduceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead MoreEssay On Teen Pregnancy1590 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rivalRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesPrevent Teen Pregnancy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After reading Martha Balash’s article, Schools Can Help to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Balash has put time and effort into this proposal on stopping Teen Pregnancy. I think Balash’s introduction is very effective because she goes straight to the facts. She doesn’t try to mislead you with any false facts. She goes straight to the point and the point is to prevent teen pregnancy. Balash tells that schools has more influence over teen pregnancy than what

Marketing Plan - 5230 Words

Making Memories Marketing Plan Your Name Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary i 2.0 Situation Analysis 1 2.1 Market Summary 1 2.1.1 Market Demographics 1 2.1.2 Market Needs 4 2.1.3 Market Trends 4 2.1.4 Market Growth 5 2.2 SWOT Analysis 7 2.2.1 Strengths 7 2.2.2 Weaknesses 7 2.2.3 Opportunities 7 2.2.4 Threats 7 2.3 Competitor Analysis 7 3.0 Marketing Strategy 9 3.1 Mission Statement 9 3.2 Marketing Goals 9 3.2.1 Product Objectives 9 3.2.2 Place Objectives 10 3.2.3 Price Objectives 10†¦show more content†¦The income level of this segment is $40,000 and up. 3) Vacation Goers: This segment includes retired couples who love to travel. They want to look back on their great memories of traveling around the world. They have more free time than the other segments, so they can devote more time to putting together their scrapbooks. This segment s age is between 50 and 70. Their income range is $50,000 and over. 4) Creative Entrepreneurs: This segment consists of the artsy type. Scrapbooking is their source of income. They are very creative and spend most of their time scrapbooking. This segment is predominantly female between the ages of 20 and 45. Most of this segment has graduated high school and has some college or no college education. Their need for scrapbook materials is economic since it is their source of income. In addition, they are a heavy user of our products. 5) Club Documenters: This segment includes civic clubs and organizations. Their goal is to document their functions for historical purposes and for members to obtain ideas for future activities. They also use scrapbooks as a recruitment tool to bring in new members by showing them different activities in which the organization participates. 6) Crafty Seniors: This segment contains senior citizens. They are females over the age of 65. Their income is $50,000 and over. Since most of this segment is retired, they enjoy scrapbooking on a daily basis.Show MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carryRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Small Business2998 Words   |  12 Pagesin detail. †¢ The benefits of TQM when implementing the strategic plan to meet goals or increasing profit within a small business. †¢ The economy’s motivation of small businesses stability as compared to large businesses that are well established, also the financial assistance of other organization including the government. †¢ Different categories of a company and the importance of CRM to any size business. †¢ To compare the marketing plan of a small business and a large business where it reflects theRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreMarketing Plan3248 Words   |  13 PagesSAMPLE MARKETING PLAN The following pages contain an annotated sample marketing plan for Blue Sky Clothing. At some point in your career, you will likely be involved in writing—or at least contributing to –a marketing plan. And you’ll certainly read many marketing plans throughout your business career. Keep in mind that the plan for Blue Sky is a single example; no one format is used by all companies. Also, the Blue Sky plan has been somewhat condensed to make it easier to annotate and illustrateRead MoreMarketing Plan4753 Words   |  20 Pagesresponsible firm by highlighting its products based on ecotourism, community tourism and sustainable tourism. 2. Situation Analysis Blaze Mountain travels and Tours has been operating for several years now. The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. Blaze Mountain travels and tours offer concepts like ecotourism and sustainable tourism to older tourists and hard adventure trips to the student tourists. This target market appreciatesRead MoreMarketing Plan3688 Words   |  15 PagesSITUATION ANALYSIS The marketing environment for LIMCOMA represents overwhelming opportunities. It also contains some challenges that the firm believes it can meet successfully. An illustration below shows a SWOT analysis of the company to highlight LIMCOMA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths LIMCOMA’S dedicated founders understand the target market and products. LIMCOMA has achieved distribution in several markets with quick acceptance The firm has a very littleRead MoreMarketing Plan3847 Words   |  16 PagesA marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization s overall marketing efforts. A marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix, which is outlined in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics (P. Kotler, K.L. Keller). In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look atRead MoreMarketing Planning : The Marketing Plan Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesTo attract mixed segment ther is need to marketing planning is indeed the key to the whole marketing process. The marketing objectives state just where the company intends to be; at some specific time in the future. James Quinn succinctly defined objectives in general as: Goals state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, but they do not state how the results are to be achieved. They typically relate to what products will be where in what market. They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base

A Personal Philosophy of Teaching To Teach is to Learn Free Essays

string(417) " reason that through the procedure of larning we are able to go more cognizant of our ain ability – as described by Kolb \( 1984 \) , the rhythm of larning through experience, includes contemplation and I would propose that during this phase of an person ‘s acquisition there is the possible to recognize their ain competences, including whether they could pass on their competency to another individual\." When I consider the inquiry, what is my doctrine of learning I would state it was summed up in five words – To learn is to larn. Get downing from the point of the definition of the verb to learn, as â€Å" to leave cognition or accomplishments † ( Dictionary.com, 2010 ) and larning as â€Å" to get cognition of or skill by survey, direction or experience † ( Dictionary. We will write a custom essay sample on A Personal Philosophy of Teaching: To Teach is to Learn or any similar topic only for you Order Now com, 2010 ) I would reason that although we may larn by a assortment of agencies, but to be able to learn we must all first be scholars. In my hubris, I would hold liked this to hold been a statement of a completely original thought, but this is non the instance! â€Å" Docendo Discimus † ( by learning we learn ) is ascribed to Seneca the Younger ( in Stone, 2004 ) . I believe that going a good instructor requires one first to be a good scholar and this is an reverberation of the words of Josef Joubert – to learn is to larn twice. ( Answers.com, 2010 ) I have arrived at this belief, because of my personal experience. To go a good instructor, I would speculate that one time we are ready to learn, we have achieved a grade of apprehension by larning, which enables us to pass on this to another individual. My experience has been that whenever I have taught another individual, I have ever been clear in my ain head that I must truly understand the topic that I am learning beforehand. This thought is borne out and demonstrated in some of the modern methods of learning including clinical accomplishments, such as that described by Lake and Hamdorf ( 2004 ) when they describe an effectual method of learning clinical accomplishments integrating observation, contemplation and feedback in add-on to stairss whereby cognition or accomplishments held by the instructor are demonstrated and hopefully transferred to a pupil. However, this method begins with an premise and incorporates the concept that the instructor has already learnt a procedure or cognition and is able to show their apprehension to another – who can so continue to perpetuate the cognition to another scholar if they are an able adequate instructor! For the interest of statement, we could see that it may be possible to prosecute in the procedure of learning without cognition. Whilst Ramsden ( 2003 ) may be able propose rules in effectual instruction, albeit in a University scene, without consideration of the proviso of cognition to a pupil, in pattern when learning for illustration utilizing a technique such as the five-step â€Å" microskills † theoretical account described by Nehar et Al ( 1992:419-424 ) , this procedure still requires the instructor to hold cognition to learn general regulations and recognise and right errors. Removing these facets from the technique though and we are left with a theoretical account that has some similarities to procedures within independent larning. This gives consideration to the thought that acquisition is improved by counsel by a knowing instructor. Personal Experience – Self Directed Autonomous Learning When I was a 13 twelvemonth old male child, I stopped go toing mainstream schooling. This was a consequence of household circumstance, but besides to some extent a consequence of my male parent ‘s positions of instruction, which included thoughts about experiential and independent acquisition, shying off from the pedagogic behavioral theoretical accounts of larning and his belief I could larn in a different manner. I was now in a state of affairs where instructors were no longer present teaching me, although I remember a conversation with my male parent, when I expressed my anxiousnesss I would non be able to larn, that he would â€Å" happen person † who had sufficient cognition or experience to assist me, for illustration in analyzing Gallic rather simplistically, he would inquire a friend who spoke French to learn me although with the caution I would learn them English! At the clip this seemed to me to be unjust, but now in hindsight whether he knew it or non, it would look my male parent ascribed to Social Development Theory as described by Vygotsky ( 1978 ) , with the engagement of a â€Å" More Knowing Other † to steer me through my independent acquisition as required, with a rule of reciprocality between instructor and pupil. Consequently, non merely was this a different manner of acquisition, this became my first experience of instruction, where I as an stripling was the m ore knowledgable, with regard to talk English than my big pupil! However, this seldom arose and I was basically in a place to larn what and when I wanted, holding duty for my ain surveies, which could be described as ego directed, which as described by Malcolm Knowles ( 1975: 18 ) is a procedure: ‘ †¦ in which persons take the enterprise, with or without the aid of others ‘ †¦ ‘identifying human and material resources for larning ‘ . Reflection – Adult Learning Principles This experience highlighted for me that a differentiation between larning as a kid or an grownup is slightly arbitrary. I understand now that at this clip I was successful, non because I was intelligent, clever or resourceful, but because to be able to larn at this clip I held some personal properties which are frequently described within grownup larning rules including a preparedness to larn, motive to larn, increasing liberty and autonomy. How I came to hold these properties is ill-defined to myself, but I think it would be improbable to be the consequence of instructional instruction, but more likely to be a procedure happening during growing and development with the acquisition of experiences. I would reason that the amount of my experiential acquisition to this point contributed to these properties. In rule hence if these properties were apparent or could be encouraged in an person, it could be argued that we could wholly be self directed scholars, taking duty for our ain acquisition and independently could draw a bead on to so pass on our cognition or accomplishments to others i.e. Teach. I would reason that through the procedure of larning we are able to go more cognizant of our ain ability – as described by Kolb ( 1984 ) , the rhythm of larning through experience, includes contemplation and I would propose that during this phase of an person ‘s acquisition there is the possible to recognize their ain competences, including whether they could pass on their competency to another individual. You read "A Personal Philosophy of Teaching: To Teach is to Learn" in category "Essay examples" Why is learning larning? To depict the phases of learning with an person, I would state this includes measuring what they already know, theoretical account by illustration and show what they should cognize or be able to make, research what they have begun to larn and begun to inquiry, usher to back up them geting more cognition or show apprehension of what they already know and disputing them to prove that cognition has non merely been learnt but can be applied. Within the procedure of learning there is non merely an chance to show competency in our cognition and apprehension of a topic, but besides to go on to larn. The features of grownup larning describes procedures by which we may larn through experience and contemplation. In relation to learning another individual, we have an chance to prosecute in a rhythm of larning through the experience with the potency for contemplation which enables the instructor to go a scholar besides. To show apprehension and that acquisition has been achieved, I believe the procedure of instruction can play an of import function in showing an person ‘s competency. Returning to the subject earlier in the debut sing the instruction of clinical accomplishments, there is a focal point within these learning methods that for the acquisition of accomplishments, the function of the instructor is to ease motion through phases or a rhythm of larning from unconscious incompetency to unconscious competency. ( Lake and Hamford 2004 ) . This clearly follows on from the work of George Miller ( 1990 ) who proposed appraisal models for measuring competency within a clinical scene. It should be noted that within some learning methods there is the incorporation of contemplation and feedback which enables an chance for a duologue between the instructor and the student and would organize the footing of a learning experience for both parties. Feedback and contemplation are clearly distinguishable concepts. I see contemplation as a procedure of internal duologue with oneself, which occurs for everyone following any interaction within our environment. With Kolb ‘s theoretical account of experiential acquisition, brooding observation is an indispensable constituent, enabling processing and integrating of thoughts. Feedback is the reception of societal interaction from another, which enables us to measure ourselves, in footings of our public presentation, functions and effectivity and supports and enables internal contemplation. I think feedback has an of import function in lending to us separately being able to measure our personal development and provides us with an indicant as to our degree of competency. The thoughts within the theoretical account of four phases of larning from incompetency to competence appear inexplicably enmeshed with rules from grownup acquisition and experiential acquisition, including constructs of self-awareness, motive and that without contemplation there can be no patterned advance through the phases. For a pupil, I feel that the procedure within feedback facilitates persons to travel from a place of unconscious incompetency to witting competency. Ultimately, the ability to consciously concentrate on our ain pattern enables us to larn and accommodate to new state of affairss and challenges within our environment. When this is extrapolated to the function of instructor, to be in a place to learn another individual would hold begun with a journey from unconscious incompetency, and through acquisition and contemplation have become consciously competent. I would propose though that as a instructor, due to the mutual nature of the interaction with person acquisition and as a effect of brooding observation of the results of instruction, passage between the competence phases would happen, as the instructor learnt farther accomplishments in communicating with their pupils and would ensue in unconscious competency. Hence, the procedure of learning itself can ease continued larning for an person who is engaged in learning. An person to whom this procedure applies would go competent over clip. This poses a inquiry though that one time an person has learnt something and besides can show or pass on this to another individual ( Teach ) , has the acquisition of this province of understanding resulted in the surcease of experiential acquisition? Would at that place be any farther motive for an person who was unconsciously competent to go on to larn accomplishments or knowledge? Whereas the theoretical account of four phases of larning includes a measure of loss of competency, it does non turn to the continued possible experiential acquisition of an person who is unconsciously competent. Logically, we can ne’er be to the full cognizant and knowing about everything and therefore we will ever be unconsciously unqualified to some grade, so at that place will ever be the chance to larn more. An cons ciousness of our ain restrictions, through a procedure of contemplation, could be thought of as a farther phase in the phases of larning – brooding incompetency, whereby we can place shortages in our apprehension or abilities which require us to return to a province of witting incompetency. I would propose that this is a procedure which finally drives our continued acquisition, that realization thrust us, fuel us to go on to larn. Drumhead I have described that my doctrine of instruction is that to learn is to larn. I have described how single acquisition may be self directed, but besides benefits from counsel from others and that the procedure of trying to learn is rooted in foremost larning. I have described that rules of experiential acquisition may be experienced by a instructor and impact upon their ain acquisition, with procedures of contemplation and feedback. I have described how these mechanisms may enable the development of increasing competence. In decision, I would depict a good instructor as an person who has learnt, synthesised and integrated cognition and skill into apprehension, which they may convey to another, whilst being cognizant they themselves have shortages within their cognition base, a province of brooding incompetency, which does non suppress them from researching further their ain acquisition. We can merely learn when we have learnt and we can merely learn what we have learnt. How to cite A Personal Philosophy of Teaching: To Teach is to Learn, Essay examples

Leadership Assessment Essay Sample free essay sample

Analyze the Leadership manner ( s ) of a Senior Executive ( CEO. CFO. COO. DIRECTOR. etc. ) In your current of Previous Organization who made a Positive or Negative Impact on you. Tm Am international is a building company with many subdivisions and offices all over the universe. It deals in constructing building and civil technology runing building of roads. Bridgess to hydro electric power dikes. Leadership is a societal procedure of influence where a individual can use the support and aid of other people in accomplishing the aim of a common job or undertaking at manus. Leadership involves the organisation of a group of people to achieve a common aim. many theories of leading have emerged affecting character traits. situational and personal interaction. nonsubjective. values. power and other maps. The hunt of personal features and traits has been go oning for ages. Greatest authors of history from Plato’s book â€Å" Republic† and Plutarch â€Å"Lives† all have tried replying the inquiry â€Å"What qualities and characters distinguishes a individual as a leader† . Underliing the method of this hunt was the acknowledgment that of its importance to leading and that leading is profoundly related to features certain people have. It is an thought known as â€Å"trait leading theory† . The trait leading theory besides led to other signifiers of alternate leading theories. In subsequent surveies it was revealed that the overall nature of traits in leading suggested that individuals taking in certain sectors may non be good in other sectors hence leading is non based on single traits entirely but besides based on situational attack. Significant and personal relationship exists between the single traits such as intelligence. experience and extroversion of leading. While the trait theory is popular it has non been matched with addition in related conceptual and important model ( Zaccaro. 2007 ) . A leading manner is a leader’s manner of initiating and supplying way. actuating staff and implementing thoughts and programs. there are different sorts of leading depending on the size and type of company and the service it is supplying ( Zaccaro. Gulick. A ; Khare. 2008 ) . Tm and Am. a building company. is a undertaking oriented and leading company. The main executive officer delegates his powers to different site directors based in different parts of the universe. They are given powers to implement the determinations made by the caput office and tasked to accomplish the mark given in a certain period of clip. Task-oriented leading manner is one where the squad leader is good focused on the major undertakings that are required to be performed to accomplish a certain set production mark. There are other leading manners and all depend on the fortunes of each peculiar trade and industry the company is engaged in. In Laissez-faire or free-reign manner. a individual in leading does non give any way or leading and leaves the group to work out everything on their ain. They create their ain policies and methods of direction. They are motivated to be more originative and really advanced. In participative manner of direction the leading is democratic and includes the leader sharing thoughts with the staff and members of the group on the determination devising procedure. This promotes the groups involvement and promotes societal equality ( Judge et al. 2002 ) . Authoritarian leading manner is under bossy system of leading where all the determinations are made by one individual normally dictators. The leaders do non listen to any suggestions or advice from any individual except from his personal friends and close relations. Analyze the Organizational Structure and Culture of the Company for which you work ( or would wish to work ) to Determine its attack to Team Development. and Whether that attack helped to Enhance your Relationship Skills in the Workplace. An organisation construction is made up of several activities such as occupation allotment. supervisory and co-ordination work. An organisation construction allocates duties to different maps and entities such as finance section. selling. human resources. gross revenues and disposal sections. Organization construction provides the foundation for operations within the organisation. It sets the processs and determines which employees take part in what determination doing procedure and to what extent their actions impact on the organisation. Tm Am building has the main executive officer at the vertex followed by near to twenty site directors on the same place. Below the site directors are the site applied scientists. who are assisted by site supervisors and below them are the insouciant labourers. The organisation construction defines the function and place of each employee clearly. An organisation construction that is non antiphonal to the demands of the organisation will interrupt cooperation and impact the completion and marks of client orders due to clip oversights and abuse of limited resources ( Foti. A ; Hauenstein. 2007 ) . The organisational civilization and development was initiated by the main executive officer at Tm Am Construction Company. It has promoted growing in footings of squad work and employee satisfaction as members of one squad. Organization of athleticss events and organized cantonment events has led to more integrating and effectual group work. These have spurred growing in the sector where merely one aim reigned supreme. occupation public presentation merely. Team work leads to break communicating and creates favourable working relationships which are controlled and determined by employees’ functions and undertakings. While some occupations are undertaken entirely. most are performed in relationship or in combination with others. The occupations and assignments will find who gets what function and to interact with who. These in bend lead to changeless interactions making a universe of friendly relationship and this is a powerful wages in human behaviour as greater the interactio ns the greater the liking. Each organisation has a civilization which is passed from the laminitiss. past direction. current leading. history. events and crises. This creates rite like modus operandis. regular rites like supplications and other corporate activities normally done jointly or in groups. The civilization plays a large function in making an individuality for the company and its employees. While the civilization is the profoundly related nature of the organisation that is a consequence of squad work. formal and informal regulations. imposts beliefs has a profound impact on the workers and the shared perceptual experiences and attitudes provides a motive that can’t be removed easy ( Mathur. A ; Kenyon. 1997 ) . It is a manner of supplying a sort of motive for the employees to go on working for the company. Measure the public presentation of your selected leader based on his ethical behavior and effectual communicating to find if this leader was successful in actuating and authorising you to better on your work public presentation. Explain your reply. Bing an effectual communicator the main executive officer of Tm Am building communicates straight to staff members and even discusses the jobs confronting single employees. This increases staff engagement in company’s personal businesss impacting its growing and public presentation. The CEO leads by illustration. for case in staff unity affairs. he sets the tendency in professional moralss by dividing personal affairs and official affairs. Detecting promptness at work topographic point. and is committed to contending transplant in the organisation by establishing steps to efficaciously command and look into all minutess and hard currency operations. These actions from the CEO have encouraged the staff to work hard and gain their income. It has besides promoted honestness and equity in all traffics at all degrees in the company. These have resulted in increased productiveness per employee and added a general feeling of belonging and teamwork. Determine three best patterns organisational leaders use to actuate employees and discourse their possible benefits. These are ; †¢ Work and occupation motive. These are occupation features developed to better staff public presentation and actuate employees to work harder. These are accomplishments enhancement and occupation liberty which gives some grade of freedom in occupation public presentation ( Pritchard A ; Ashwood. 2008 ) . †¢ Promotion and wage wagess. These are benefits awarded to employees to actuate them to work harder and besides to promote other employees to make the same. These manners of motive work efficaciously when besides there is penalty for those who are lazy and non committed to their work ( Zaccaro. Gulick. A ; Khare. 2008 ) . This can be in footings of demotion and allowance decrease. †¢ Paid vacation and fillips. Hard working staffs can be motivated by being awarded fillips and allowing them paid up vacations to their dream locations in different parts of the universe or locally. These actuate other employees to work hard. Discuss some of the challenges leaders encounter when pull offing diverseness and how diverseness helps concern organisations better compete in planetary markets. Diversity comes with its portion of challenges. top among them is communicating. Peoples from different parts of the universe speak different linguistic communications and hence communicating can go a incubus. The state of affairs can be helped by engaging an translator to help them to pass on ( Amory and Jason. 2003 ) . The other difference is cultural and spiritual diverseness. The civilizations of different communities are quite diverse and hard to understand. Peoples have different sorts of beliefs which define their lives. These come in the signifier of faith. dressing. and largely nutrient and do it hard to associate freely and unrecorded comfortably. Global markets require standardized merchandises which are acceptable internationally. These merchandises are clearly labeled and manufactured as per each country’s criterions. Diversity helps to infiltrate international markets by conveying in different gustatory sensations and demands from the state of beginning. For case Nipponese and Asians have different ways of dressing. therefore to plan and fabricate apparels for them. 1 must hold an expert from their place states. Develop an effectual concern scheme to turn to the challenges and issues you have indentified above. The best pattern is to develop an organisational model where different civilizations can work and interact freely without any marks of biasness or favoritism. These can be done by constructing strong organisational constructions and systems that control and promote diverseness in the company. For case. the company can develop an exchange plan with employees or pupils on fond regard plans to advance and develop diverseness at the local degree in the company. An effectual and efficient concern scheme will work out and supply all the replies to all the jobs associated with diverseness ( Kay. 1999 ) . Diversity besides has its advantages as the employees get to cognize and see different signifiers of civilizations and beliefs and how they can populate peacefully therefore advancing peace in the universe. Mentions Amory. S. and Jason. A. ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Anti-globalization: The Global Fight for Local Autonomy† . New Political Science 25 ( 1 ) : 19-42. Doi:10. 1080/0739314032000071217. Arvey. R. . . Rotundo. M. . Johnson. W. . Zhang. Z. . A ; McGue. M. ( 2006 ) . The Determinants of leading function tenancy: Familial and personalityfactors. The Leadership Quarterly. 17. 1-20.Foti. R. A ; Hauenstein. A. ( 2007 ) . Pattern and variable attacks in leading outgrowth and effectivity. Journal of Applied Psychology. 92. 347-355. Judge. A. . Bono. . E. Ilies. R. . A ; Gerhardt. W. ( 2002 ) . Personality and leading. Kay. J. ( 1999 ) ‘The Myth of Excellence’ . Financial Times ( London ) . 26 May. Mathur. S. and Kenyon. A. ( 1997 ) Making Value: Determining Tomorrow’s Business. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Pritchard. R. A ; Ashwood. E ( 2008 ) . Pull offing Motivation. New York: Taylor A ; Francis Group. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84169-789-5 Zaccaro. S. ( 2007 ) . Trait-based positions of leading. American Psychologist. 62. 6-16. Zaccaro. S. Gulick. L. A ; Khare. V. ( 2008 ) . Personality and leading. In C. J. Hoyt. G. R. Goethals A ; D. R. Forsyth ( Eds. ) . Leadership at the hamlets ( Vol 1 ) ( pp. 13-29 ) . Westport. Connecticut: Praeger.

How to Write Literature Review Guide Tips

If you have heard of the term â€Å"literature review† but have never actually gotten around to doing one yourself, you probably think it is an essay or a research paper. This isn’t the case, however, as a literature review forms part of these academic works, as in a thesis or a dissertation, but it isn’t the subject of these documents in their entirety. You might also assume that a literature review only focuses on text books and journals. However, reviews can encompass anything – from government records to scholarly articles provided these published sources are reputable. The thing is that writing literature reviews is an important part of helping students develop the skills of close reading, mind mapping and synthesis of information from different sources. As a student, working on an important assignment such as a research paper, you first need to be conversant with the current artisanal state of affairs in your own field or the theoretical frameworks that affect the topic you are working on. Thus, doing a literature review first puts your study into proper perspective bearing in mind what other scholars have done before you and what their own studies have yielded. What Is a Literature Review? Simple Definition A literature review or the process of producing one thereof is simply trying to position your own study in a research framework by referencing in a detailed and extensive fashion other related studies in your own work. This allows you to make connections and draw adequate conclusions from these sources while gauging your own work, including such factors as methodologies and assumptions. A literature review either establishes context through an examination of extant factors or simply summarizes current literature. These sources have to be relevant, recent, reputable, and should allow you to make due connections to gauge your own study. While you may choose to simply summarize these sources, it is prudent to do it logically and through proper synthesis, which means reordering the information in a manner that appeals best to your own study. For example, your intent might be to showcase the progression of HIV preventative treatments through the decades, in which case you might go for a time sequence summary or opt to start with the most well-known research in this field. How to Write a Good Literature Review Conducting a lit review helps to avoid reproducing work that has already been researched and helps check for gaps that exist in previous research so that you can solidify your own position. If you cannot showcase an understanding of the past material and make accurate contextual links not only to erstwhile studies but also to your own thesis and research questions, your review will flatly underperform. The key ingredient to creating a stellar lit review is to have credible sources which have been peer reviewed. Checking the author’s past contributions will allow you to gauge whether they are experts in the field and whether their own biases have clouded their writing process. So what is the extent of the author’s expertise and in the field? Have they conducted a milestone study? A great place to start for your sources is subject specialists in your library or your academic department. The default go-to place is Google Scholar, which unfortunately may provide too many or too few sources but is ultimately great if you’re looking for the most cited works. How to Start a Literature Review Once you have zoomed in on sources which could number in the dozens, it’s time to select from the best among these. The best sources are those that also address current conversations and trends. For example, if you were solely focused on a great source in cancer research which was produced in the 1950s, you’d miss out on other great debates and conversations which may look at cancer treatment from a more advanced perspective like nanotechnology. Knowing what to start with writing your review is probably the most difficult part. Reading through these various sources should reveal patterns and trends, different methodologies, and various conclusions attributed to various researchers. What organization would produce the best effect? Is it arranging your sources and study topically, sequentially, theoretically, chronologically, methodologically, thematically, or geographically? For example, you may want to showcase how various qualitative methodologies were ineffective, thus leading to your use of bootstrapping. Ultimately, you may end up using a combination of all these methods. How to Structure a Literature Review A literature review typically begins with a title (which should provide a glimpse of your thesis), an abstract which introduces the purpose and scope of the review (including possible keywords at the bottom), the introduction which introduces your study, research parameters and overall aims of the study, body paragraphs arranged under subheadings, and an astute conclusion. The title should be angled towards the general objectives of the review. Since a lit review is all about compiling and synthesizing from sources, it is important to read analytically as you annotate and make notes, as an alternative to simple highlighting. Ultimately, your chosen literature review structure should work to enhance your own independent analysis, reflect the purpose of the study, and fulfill any departmental requirements. Acing Your Literature Review Introduction The thing is that a great introduction makes your entire lit review excellent as this section does the following: Presents an overview of the study in its entirety. Breaks down a thesis question into specific research, objectives which will be directly linked to the sources. Establishes the parameters of your research, including any anticipated changes or deviations from the previous strategies and methodologies. Places your review into greater context and answers the question of why you are doing the study in the first place. In the introduction section, you are giving your readers the chance to involve themselves in your study without delving too deep into the detail. This is the best opportunity for you to demonstrate your understanding of the research topic in its entirety and the necessity of your study. Superb Delivery on Your Literature Review Body As already mentioned, you may divide your body paragraphs into subheadings while seeking various effects through methodological, theoretical, chronological, thematic or any other mode of presentation. Headers should be applied, and topic sentences should be used to introduce the content that follows, with transition sentences being used to connect the various ideas and sections. Wrap It All Up with Your Literature Review Conclusion The conclusion is your opportunity to show the reader the purpose of your study and that you fully understand the content and contextual material in the entirety of your research, as presented by a vast array of authors. You can restate your thesis here and also provide a way forward as to why your own study is conclusive (or not), and propose how research in this area can be progressed. Still Need Help with Your Assignment? Get It from Experts Hopefully, reading this article helped you to understand the peculiarities of a literature review. However, if you still need help, you can get it from our expert essay writers here. All you have to do is place an order.

How to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Ying-jiu)

How to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Ying-jiu) In this article, we will look at how to pronounce Ma Ying-jeou (traditional: é ¦ ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ , simplified: é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ), which in Hanyu Pinyin would be MÇŽ YÄ «ng-jiÇ”. Since most students use Hanyu Pinyin for pronunciation, I will henceforth use that. Ma Ying-jiu was president of Taiwan (Republic of China) from 2008 to 2016. Below, I will first give you a quick and dirty way if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce the name. Then I’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing Chinese names correctly can be very hard if you havent studied the language.  Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand. Read more about how to pronounce Chinese names. How to Pronounce Ma Ying-jiu if Youve Never Studied Chinese Chinese names usually consist of three syllables, with the first being the family name and the last two the personal name. There are exceptions to this rule, but it holds true in a vast majority of cases. Thus, there are three syllables we need to deal with. Listen to the pronunciation here while reading the explanation. Repeat yourself! Ma - Pronounce as ma in markYing - Pronounce as Eng in EnglishJiu - Pronounce as Joe If you want want to have a go at the tones, they are low, high-flat and low (or dipping, see below). Note: This pronunciation is not correct pronunciation in Mandarin (though it is reasonably close). To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). How to Actually Pronounce Ma Yingjiu If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many traps and pitfalls in Pinyin you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the three syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Ma  (third tone) - You are probably familiar with this sound if youve studied Mandarin since its often used to demonstrate tones and is very common. The m is easy to get right, but the a is harder. In general, the a in mark is too far back, but the a in man is too far forward. Somewhere in between. It is a very open sound, too.Ying  (first tone) - As you may have guessed already, this syllable was chosen to represent England and thereby English because they do sound quite similar. The i (which is spelt yi here) in Mandarin is pronounced with the tongue tip closer to the upper teeth than in English. Its as far up and forward ou can go, basically. It can almost sound like a soft j at times. The final can have an optional short schwa (as in English the). To get the right -ng, let your jaw drop and your tongue withdraw.Jiu (third tone) -This sound is tricky to get right. First, j is one of the hardest sounds to get right for native speakers of English. Its a voiceless unaspriated aff ricate, which means that there should be a soft t followed by a hissing sound. This should be pronounced in the same place as x, which means tongue tip touching the lower teeth ridge. iu is an abbreviation of iou. The i tends to overlap with the initial. The remaining part is somewhere in between jaw and joe, but note that the English j is quite different from Pinyin j.. The are some variations for these sounds, but Ma Ying-jiu (é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ) can be written like this in IPA: ma jəŋ tÉ•ju Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Ma Ying -jiu (é © ¬Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ ). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learnt the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be Essay

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be considered a form of communication. Does it make sense to speak of the language of clothes - Essay Example Again, the phrase appears to give an entire cultures implicit understanding of clothing and styles as communicative function. Normally, both clothing and the communicative function of style are perceived as a kind of being problematic and well understood in some culture. Majorly, an investigation into whether clothing behavior is, in general, a communicative adjustment to a particular culture will carefully be discussed herein. Basically, the paper examines the correlation in the communicative adaptability and the clothing tendency(Barnard, 1996). Clothing has a communicative function. In accordance to the understanding of the social psychology of dress, it is important that one understands that the total arrangement of outwardly detectable body modification inclusive of all material objects added onto it brings out the body supplement (May, 2013). In this case, the body modifications directly change the body, which includes making changes of the color appearance, supplements addition such as jewelry, clothing and hearing aids and a wide range of accessories. Some of the modifications in an individual may end up permanent like teeth straightening or even temporary such as deodorant. Thus, dress can alter how the body looks, feels, smells or even sounds. Clothing is taken to be a universal human behavior in that there are no societies where people do not engage in dressing behaviourism (Gott and Loughran, 2010). In defining clothing, it was noted that clothes provide to outright functions for humans, that is a modifier in the body process and as a medium of communication. When thinking about clothing in the dimension of modifier of the body process the focus is on the supplements and modifications that usually serve as interfaces between the general body and the large physical and the social environments in which human beings are found to live. When clothing protects the human body from

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Individual Report - Essay Example ..10 Forecasts and Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Executive Summary Stereotyping and prejudice are forms of discrimination. Hurst (2007) stated, â€Å"One reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals.† In the case of stereotyping, individuals are put into groups that make them appear to have similar distinctions that give them an identity. Such groups could be identified by race, age, gender, and educational attainment to name a few. These forms of discrimination are evident in the workforce various organizations. Moreover, changing times have caused the amplification of some forms of discrimination, while other forms have subsided. However, despite the lowered levels of certain forms of discrimination, employees are still significantly affected by it. Discrimination has caused decreased moral, poor job satisfaction, and increased employee turnover. Furthermore, discrimination not only affects the employees, it ultimately causes poor overall performance of an organization. It is important for an organization to ensure the welfare of its workforce in order to ascertain that the organization would be able to perform competitively and effectively. The client, which is a logistics company based in Kuwait, has problems in stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace. The group suggest the use of Geert Hostede's five cultural dimensions in assessing the issues of the organization. In addition, various management styles could also be considered in order to help elimin ate or at least minimize the issue of discrimination within the workplace. The following sections would provide justification for the chosen cultural theory and management styles, while aligning it with the aim of solving the issue of stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace of the logistics company. Terms of Reference The group is composed of consulants from an HR consulting company which has been contracted to identify ways of improving the organizational cutlure of a culturally diverse company company. One of the primary issues that was brought up is stereoptyping and discrimination. This paper will tackle these issues in greater depth. The client is a large scale company that offers logistics services from specific drop-off and pick-up stations to any point in the world. Main offices are located in Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The company offers sea, land, and air freight services. Among the aims of the company are to provide excellent services through cost an d schedule control, efficiency and safety of operations. Moreover, the logistics company achieves profitability through solid dedication to catering to the needs of their customers and through the development of its employees. The client handles more than 750 employees. With a relatively large workforce, diversity among the employees is absolute. The company recorded employee citizenship to range from local recruits to American and European executives. In addition, employees differ in educational attainment. They

A Comparison between Walgreens and Wal-Mart Term Paper

A Comparison between Walgreens and Wal-Mart - Term Paper Example Both companies started off with core objectives of providing efficient services with regard to effective delivery of services in the drug retail sector. With time, both companies have grown to reputable companies with regard various service delivery practices related to the retailing industry. There exists a thin line with regard to the existence of service advantages of the services offered by both companies. Thus, in comparing and contrasting both companies, an individual requires the necessary content for effective realization of the service advantages. In addition, the employment of various analytic tools such as Porters’ 5 forces would provide the desired distinguishing edge. Founded by Charles R. Walgreen in 1901, Walgreens has grown to be one of the largest drug retailing companies in the U.S. according to its official website; the company currently boasts of over 8000 locations across the nation. This represents a significant expansion of the company from its headquart ers in Chicago, Illinois. Thus, the company provides services with regard to pharmacy, health and wellness. The company’s provision of these services is championed by the employment of various drugs stores and health service divisions in the country. Walgreens owes its origin to the establishment of small drug store in Chicago, Illinois in the early XX century. By the 1920s, the company’s stores had incurred a tremendous growth. ... Thus, according to the company’s official website, the company operates various departmental and warehouse stores around the world. The company has grown to be the leading retailer globally and the third largest public corporation. With more than 2 million employees around the world, the company boasts of the largest employee base in the in the globe. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, Wal-Mart owes its origin to the discounting ventures of its founder, Sam Walton. Walton employed the use of various discounted stores in the promotion of increased sales. Thus, Walton opened his first discounted store in Arkansas in 1962 which represented the birth of Wal-Mart Company. The company has, thus, rapidly expanded to become one of the leading companies in the world with regard to the retail industry. Comparative Analysis of both Wal-Mart and Walgreens Both Wal-Mart and Walgreen companies have engaged in cut-throat competition practices with regard to the dominance of the drug ret ail industry. However, it is necessary to note that upon the inception of Wal-Mart in 1962, Walgreens had been in operation for over 50 years. Thus, in order to gain rapid market share and competitive advantage with regard to Walgreens, Wal-Mart had to employ strategic competitive measures. Thus, Wal-Mart employed strategy that was centered on improving livelihoods. Enhancing people’s lives, thus, formed Wal-Mart’s mission (Amendola, 2012). This was accomplished through helping people to save money. Sam, Wal-Mart’s founder, wanted to improve people’s lives by lowering the high cost of living. Through the establishment of various strategies in Wal-Mart, Sam succeeded in creating a suitable platform for

Geography

Geography Geography Location The community lies in the Weschnitz valley in the Odenwaldsome 25km north of Heidelbergand about 20km northeast of Mannheim. It is on Bundesstraße38, and the river Weschnitz flows through it. The land is hilly, green and dotted with horse farms and forests. Neighbouring communities Birkenau borders in the north on the community of MÃ ¶rlenbach, in the east on the community ofAbtsteinach, in the south on the community ofGorxheimertaland in the west on the towns of Weinheimand Hemsbach(both in Rhein-Neckar-KreisinBaden-WÃ ¼rttemberg). Constituent communities Birkenaus Ortsteileare Birkenau, Buchklingen, Hornbach, Kallstadt, LÃ ¶hrbach, Nieder-Liebersbach, Reisen and Schnorrenbach. Climate Owing to its location near the Bergstraße, a mild climate prevails in Birkenau, which can often be seen in what for Germany is a very early blossoming ofalmondtrees. History Schloss Birkenau Birkenau had its first documentary mention in 795 in the Lorsch Codexas a cell of the Lorsch Abbey. As one of the Abbeys holdings, it passed into the ownership of the Archbishopric of Mainz in 1232. The centres of Hornbach and Balzenbach, on the other hand, belonged to Electoral Palatinate, meaning that after the Reformation, they belonged to different denominations. In 1532 the town hall was built, and in 1771 the palace, Schloss Birkenau, of the Lords of Wambolt von Umstadt. By 1964, the population had grown to more than 5,000. In 1967 the community was recognized as a recreational resort (Erholungsort) and in 1979 as an open-air resort (Luftkurort). Owing to the only slight tourism, however, it has not reapplied for this designation. In 1995, Birkenau celebrated its 1,200-year jubilee.

Taxing and E-Commerce Essay -- Internet Tax Sales Papers

Taxing and E-Commerce With the advent of the Internet, e-commerce exploded, and in 2003, the estimated value of online sales was 95.7 billion dollars (epaynews). It also is estimated that 30% of online users buy online (epaynews). As e-commerce and the revenues from e-commerce increase, so do the questions and problems concerning taxes. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web, and more than 30,000 tax jurisdictions in the United States (US), (Internet Taxation) it is easy to see the complications that exist in the taxation of e-commerce. Who do you tax? How is it collected? Can taxes be collected from a sale that was made in another state, and what is considered a substantial â€Å"nexus† in the buyers state. Because 75% of the American population have access and use the Internet (Don’t Tax the Internet) this is an issue that affects the majority of Americans. According to an article published by the Citizens For a Sound Economy, â€Å"State and local access fees could add 20-25 % to the average Internet consumer’s bill †¦ that may not sound like much in Washington, but it could strand millions of low-income Americans on the wrong side of the digital divide† (Don’t tax the internet). Because taxation is an issue that affects most Americans, it is important to understand what types of taxes that there are and that could be levied, the past and current internet taxation policies, and finally the challenges and benefits of internet taxation. There are many different taxes that are being considered at this time, and that could be levied on the Internet and its users. The first type, which is being considered, affects all Internet users, as it is a tax on Internet access. In some states where this type of tax does exist it is ... ...d affect global consumers, I think that it is fair that the consumer be subject to the vendor’s country’s tax. I learned a lot from the research that I did. I learned that those in the government are considering Internet taxation, and whether we agree or disagree, it is important that we get involved. Otherwise, we may end up with an outcome that we disagree with. Work Cited Epaynews: http://www.epaynews.com/statistics/purchases.html Internet Taxation: http://www.pubpol.duke.edu/centers/dewitt/course/internetandsociety/taxation/ Don’t Tax the Internet: http://www.cse.org/informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=1748 Internet Taxation: Which side are you on?: http://www.powerhomebiz.com/vol4/internet-taxation.htm E-Commerce and Internet Taxation: Issues, Organizations, and Findings: http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun00/gordon-murnane.htm

Philippine Revolution and Jose Rizal Essay

Paciano without a doubt was a great hero. He was just kinda outshined by his younger brother, jose. I’d say our national hero’s patriotism was highly influenced by him, he was an idol kuya in the eyes of Jose Rizal. Father Jose Burgos was a close friend of Paciano (whose death, together w/ Zamora and Gomez’s, according to rizal himself, had â€Å"opened his eyes† re the sad plight of our country back then), so we can clearly visualize the imprint of Paciano on Rizal’s nationalism. He (paciano) was the one who financed Rizal’s education in europe. We wouldnt have the great Jose Rizal if it hadnt been for the unsung heroism of Paciano.   Paciano joined and actively supported Propaganda Movement for social reforms, and supported the Movement’s newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. An avid supporter of the movement, he did tasks such as collecting funds to finance the said organization, and solicited money for the nationalist paper. As a Katipunero, he influenced people in Laguna with the revolutionary ideals. Despite the tortures he had in the hands of the Spaniards, he refused to implicate his younger brother who was kept in tight security in Fort Santiago. In January 1897, after his younger brother’s execution, Paciano joined General Emilio Aguinaldo inCavite. He was appointed brigadier general of the revolutionary forces, and was elected Secretary of Finance in the Departmental Government of Central Luzon.[1] During the Philippine-American War (1899–1913), he commanded the Filipino forces in Laguna. U.S. troops captured him in Laguna on 1900.[1] He was released soon after, and he settled in the town of Los Banos, Laguna. Not many Filipinos are aware that Paciano Rizal, the older and only brother of Josà © Rizal, was an active and passionate member of the Katipunan. As a katipunero, Paciano was no less heroic than his very famous brother. So little is known of Paciano. Yet, he is one of the unsung heroes of the Katipunan. Paciano was Rizal’s model for Pilosopong Tasio, one of the important and very interesting characters in his novel Noli me tangere. In his letter to Blumentritt dated 23 June 1888, Rizal wrote †I don’t know why I forgot to introduce you to my brother. You who wish to know good men will find in him the most noble of the Filipinos. My friend Taviel de Andrade said that he was the only man in the Philippines – the young Philosopher Tasio. When I think of him, though an Indio, more generous and noble than all the present-day Spaniards put together.† As the the elder son, Paciano helped the family in managing their farm and was like a. Not only did he help finance Rizal’s education in Europe, he did his best to save money to have his brother’s two novels printed, collected financial contributions for the Propaganda Movement, and solicited subscription for the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist newspaper. He also supported the Katipunan by propagating its ideals in Laguna. When Josà © was jailed in Fort Santiago in 1896, Paciano was also arrested and tortured to force him to give testimony that would prove his brother guilty of sedition. After Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan, Paciano went to Imus, Cavite to offer his services to Emilio Aguinaldo. He become the military commander of the revolutionary forces in Laguna and continued. He continued fighting as a katipunero in the Filipino-American War. In an interview for an article featured in the Philippine Centennial in the Francisco Rizal Lopez, one of Paciano’s grandsons, told of his grandfather’s days a a revolucionario. Lopez said that Paciano nearly died of the torture. â€Å"His whole body was swollen and bloody because of the torture he received. The authorities brought him to my grandmother Narcissa because they thought he was going to die. After a week, he recovered. But he was actually at death’s door.† â€Å"My aunt told us a story about my Lolo Paciano whe n he was a revolucionario. She told us that everyday, my Lolo and the other revolucionarios would count the money they had collected. One day, my aunt was so tired and her hands were malansa so she asked my grandfather, ‘Puede po bang makakuha ng cinco centimo diyan para makabili ng sabon dahil malagkit po at malansa ang kamay namin?’ (Could we get five cents to buy soap because our hands are sticky and putrid?) My Lolo got very angry and he said, ‘Huag ninyong galawin ang perang ‘yan!’ (Don’t ever touch that money. That’s for the revolution!)† Sometime in 1900, Paciano was captured by the Americans and ordered to swear allegiance to the American flag. According to his grandson, Paciano said, â€Å"I cannot swear to any other flag because my allegiance belongs to the Filipino flag. But I can assure you, since we have lost and I have surrendered, I am going to leave you in peace.† After the revolution, it was almost impossible for the Rizals to live in Calamba. They have been stripped of everything they owned and they felt persecuted, so they chose to live in Los Baà ±os, the town next to Calamba. Paciano Rizal’s home stands near the Los Baà ±os municipal hall, beside the fire station. There he lived the rest of his life until he died of tuberculosis on April 30, 1930. Francisco Lopez described Paciano’s physical appearance and character, â€Å"My Lolo was a very humble, a very simple man. He never talked to us about his sacrifices in the Revolution. We did not even know up to the time of his death that he was a general in Aguinaldo’s army.† Paciano was a very thrifty man but not with his nephews to whom he always gave money to buy â€Å"tsampoy†. Of the two known pictures of Paciano, one was taken by one of Mr. Lopez’s uncle and the other was a picture of him as lay in his coffin. Paciano had a daughter, Emiliana who is Francisco Lopez’ mother, but he was never married because he could not marry under the Dominican priest. Emiliana, married her first cousin, Antonio Lopez. He was Narcissa Rizal’s son. Paciano lived a peaceful life during the American occupation. and kept his promise that he would leave the Americans in peace. He must have intensely disliked the Americans from an anecdote that Lopez told: † There was a certain Governor-General Leonard Wood and my grandfather did not like him. He had a dog and he named the dog Wood. So every time he felt like cursing the Americans, he would curse the dog† Paciano Rizal was buried in Cementerio del Norte in Manila but his bones were transferred to his home in Los Baà ±os in 1985. were he was given complete military honors. Paciano Rizal, Josà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s kuya, or older brother by a decade and protà ©gà © of Fr. Burgos, had witnessed the garroting of the three curates and been, along with his generation, radicalized by it. His retelling to the sensitive eleven-year-old in Calamba in turn left an indelible impression on the young man, about to leave for Intramuros to study at the Ateneo. Later on Rizal said of the martyrdom, â€Å"Without 1872 there would be now neither Plaridel nor Jaena nor Sancianco, nor the valiant and generous Filipino expatriates in Europe. Without 1872, Rizal would have been a Jesuit and instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere would have instead written something entirely different.† Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo (really a continuation of the Noli) to the memory of the three martyrs. Last year saw the commemoration cum celebration of the younger Rizal’s 150th birth anniversary, but not much has been said (at least, not much that I am aware of) about Paciano’s invaluable role in shaping the path his younger brother took, always there to lend a hand, a quiet, rock-solid presence Pepe could rely on. Paciano arranged, along with an uncle, for Pepe to embark for Europe in 1882, whose heady Enlightenment zeitgeist further sharpened Rizal’s critique of Spanish colonial rule. For at least five years Paciano sent him a monthly stipend, and once the Propaganda Movement had gotten off the ground helped raise funds for it. In 1896 he was imprisoned and tortured, to force him to implicate Josà © in the revolution that had begun that August but the stouthearted Paciano would not break. He was released and once Josà © was executed, Paciano volunteered for Aguinaldo’s army, and was made a general, his field of operations being Central Luzon. The revolution against the Spanish metamorphosing into the 1899 war against the U.S., General Rizal continued to fight, but was captured in 1900. Thereafter, despite offers of a government position as well as entreaties from prominent Laguna politicians to run for public office, Paciano, already married, chose the quiet life of a gentleman farmer, and died in 1930 at his home in Los Baà ±os, not far from Calamba, at the age of 79. Paciano’s love for and devotion to his younger brother meant a life behind the scenes, dramatic certainly in many instances but rarely in the limelight, never in the scene-stealing manner of Josà ©. Kuya Paciano’s life made the latter’s transformation into the icon every Filipino knows possible. He would have distanced himself from the label but in my book Paciano Mercado Rizal y Alonso is every bit the hero. Paciano Rizal, whose contribution to the Philippine revolution has been overshadowed by the greatness of his younger brother, Jose Rizal. When Jose Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for advance studies, Paciano, without the knowledge of their parents, asked Antonio Rivera, an uncle, to help in facilitating the travel of Jose Rizal abroad. Paciano himself engaged in the propaganda movement. When Marcelo H. del Pilar founded the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist vernacular paper, in 1882, Paciano eagerly assisted those behind the paper. He helped the paper by soliciting subscription in his province (Laguna) and in the neighbouring towns of Batangas. During this time Paciano kept Jose Rizal informed about events happening in the country. Aside from attending to the needs of the Rizal family, Paciano regualarly corresponded with Jose in Europe regarding such local problems as land troubles, crop failure, increased land rentals, the decrease in the price of sugar and even the worsening agrarian disputes in Calamba. Paciano’s land dispute with the friars resulted in his exile to Mindoro for one year in 1890. During Jose Rizal’s away abroad, Paciano met and fell in love with Severina Decena, a beautiful lass from Los BaÅ„os, Laguna. They had two children–a boy, who died during infancy, and a girl they named Emiliana. When Jose Rizal was arrested in 1896 Paciano was also arrested and detained. This was to insure the incrimination of Jose Rizal. The older Rizal was tortured and asked to sign a statement linking his younger brother to the Katipunan and to the Philippine Revolution, which had broken out in August of that year. After three days of fruitless interrogation Paciano was released. Before the end of 1896 the Philippine Revolution spread like wildfire to the province south of Manila. Laguna joined the fight for liberty. The emergence of Paciano Rizal as a revolutionary leader was something that could not but draw attention. The Spanish forces gained momentum in the pursuit of the revolutionists, for which reason General Paciano followed General Aguinaldo to Bulacan. The general and his men transferred their camp to Biyak-na-Bato. In December of 1897 the famous truce of Biyak-na-Bato was signed, ending the 1896 Philippine Revolution. In pursuance to the provisions of the agreement, General Aguinaldo and several ranking officers of the revolution surrendered their arms and exiled themselves to Hong Kong. The revolutionary leader left in the country were instructed to comply with the other provisions of the treaty, like the surrender of arms and ammunitions. In this connection General Aquinaldo’s generals were sent to various provinces to arrange for the surrender of the remaining revolutionists who were now scattered. General Artemio Ricarte was sent to Cavite, Gen. Jose Natrividad to Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga, General Miguel Malvar to Batangas, and Gen. Paciano Rizal to Laguna. Complying with orders, General Paciano Rizal, on 14-15 January 1898, surrendered the following to Spain’s General Ricardo Monet for the province of Laguna: 1 Mauser, 3 Remingtons, 46 muskets, 42 blunderbuss, 3 lantakas, 21 saber and 26 bolos. The truce failed, however, resulting in General Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines. The United States and Spain declared war on each other. Flipinos who had returned to their place under the Spanish government and those who had settled down in their farms activated their fight against the Spanish government and became part of the forces of General Aquinaldo. Among the revolutionary generals who responded was General Paciano Rizal. He again led the fighting in Laguna as the military commander of the area.   Battles were fought openly in Spanish-held towns. In the fastness of Laguna, General Paciano Rizal actively led the onslaught against the Spanish troops.On 31 August, two weeks after the surrender of Manila to the Americans, the Spanish civil official of Laguna Province and a group of Spanish soldiers surrendered to General Paciano Rizal in Santa Cruz, the provincial capital.   On 12 June 1898, the revolutionary leaders proclainmed to the whole world the birth of the Philippine Republic, the first republic in Asia.   The following year the Filipino- American War broke out. Well-trained and well-armed American soldiers prevailed over the ill-quipped Filipino revolutionists. The fight was one-sided.   The loss of many battles was attributed to the revolutionists’ life of hunger and sickness. General Paciano Rizal was affli cted with malaria and he had become weak, he was captured in Laguna by the Americans. The year was 1900. After the war Paciano led a passive private life and retired to his farm in Los BaÅ„os, Laguna. He passed away on 13 April 1930, at the age of 79.   Pedro Patero’s account of his negotiations peace between Spain and the Filipinos revolutionaries, â€Å"El Pacto de Biak na Bato† , Paciano relates: â€Å"What do you want? That we make peace with Spain? That we be the bearer and acceptor of peace, when they have shot my brother, Pepe, banished my parents and relatives, falsely accused us to the last of my family, confiscating our lands and hurling a thousand horrors on our faces? Ah, Don Pedro, dig a deep well. Fill it from the top to bottom with all the bolos and lances that you wish. Then, command me to throw myself into it and I Paciano Rizal, will do just that, but do not ask me for peace because that, Don Pedro, is impossible- absurd!† Paciano exploits reveal getting the Spaniards to surrender in Calamba, by using firecrackers to show the Filipinos were heavily armed. After 3 days the Spaniards surrendered. In his letter to the PIR seen at the National Library Paciano requested for the status of the Americans if they were allies or enemies. Their suspicious actuation in the area proved right, August 13, 1898, Filipinos was tricked by the Americans, they fought another battle. 1900, weakened by malaria, Paciano was captured by the Americans and is said to have refused to swear allegiance to the flag of the USA. While Apolinario Mabini the paralytic was exiled to Guam because he refused allegiance to America. May unanswered questions left, but nothing is definite as of now, except that Paciano Rizal proves like other heroes of the Revolution of 1896 and 1898, should be rescued from obscurity and given the rightful place in our history Characteristics Of A Hero Courage For a hero, courage is as important as a shell is to a tortoise. Without courage, a hero is just as vulnerable as any other man walking down the street. Courage here stands to signify that firmness of the spirit and ‘mettle’ of the soul to stare at danger and trouble right in the eye. Courage here stands to signify the valor it takes to overcome adversities and adversaries. It’s like a soldier rushing into battle knowing well that death awaits him. In all reality, this is what courage is all about! Sacrifice A hero does not become a hero by simply beating up a thousand goons and riding into the sunset victoriously with his lady love. If this was all it took to become a hero, every other Romeo beating up rivals and stealing away his love in the still of the night can be branded a hero. It really is more than that! Sacrifice is what helps a mere mortal make that journey from a mediocre life to one filled with greatness. Sacrifice, by definition, can be described as the giving up of something highly valued for a purpose of greater importance. Thus, in order to achieve greatness and the status of a hero, it is extremely essential for an individual to sacrifice. Determination A hero cannot be considered one, if he possesses a will as bendable as a tube of rubber. A hero truly becomes just that when he exercises his will or determination to come out on top at any cost. Determination can be best described as a hero’s resolve or firmness of purpose to achieve what his heart desires most. It’s all about staying focused and not resting until the task on hand is executed. In life it may not be easy to achieve any given thing, but it is with determination that a man can ultimately achieve what he desires most and turn himself into a champion. Conviction Conviction here does not refer to a person’s skill at convincing another, but it rather refers to a person’s firm belief in any particular thing. It can refer to an unshakeable way of looking at life and all its variables. In a way, the convictions that a man holds can go a long way in determining if he has what it takes to become a hero. In fact, no man can truly become a hero, if he does not possess conviction that is impenetrable as well as unbending. Dedication Do you think that a person can make a man out of himself without being dedicated to any particular thing in life? Obviously not! This is because in life in order to enjoy a permanent taste of success it is extremely important to exercise dedication. If you desire to master an instrument, you have got to be dedicated to master it and shouldn’t really rest until you do. True dedication shouldn’t be forced; it in fact is the direct result of true desire. It is this dedication that can help distinguish a man as a hero.

Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example

Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Harvesting papaya fruit Essay 1.0 Harvest From the journal article written by Bautista-Banos, Sivakumar, Bello-Perez, Villanueva-Arce, and Hernandez-Lopez ( 2013 ) , the postharvest handling stairss of papaia fruits are difference among the fruits meant for export and sold in the national market. For the fruit meant for export, there are specific adulthood index needed to be followed when reaping papaia fruits, which is at the mature phase of ? coloring material interruption ( one-stripe yellow at the blossom terminal or vertex and the quarter-ripe yellow ) . While for the papaia fruits meant for national market, they can be harvested at assorted maturing phases. Harmonizing to Medina, Gutierrez, and Garcia ( 2003 ) , the papaia fruits that fail to run into the export specifications will be rejected for export such as over-ripeness ( fruits exhibit localised softening or more than three xanthous chevrons at its base ) and under-ripeness ( no yellow stripes on fruits ) . However, those papaya fruits still can be accepted for sale in the national market. There are specialised tools and knives to reap the papaia fruits other than by manus ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . Losingss of quality in papaya fruits can be happened if the postharvest handling procedure do non command good. : 1.1 Loss in crop 1.1.1 Mechanical harm When papaia fruit is harvested by manus or with knives, the peduncle is snapped or cut from the tree, and the top of the fruit is instantly cut flower. If the papaia tree is excessively high and causes the harvest home of fruit unaccessible by manus, a tool that contains a long pole, a little round hoop attached with a little mesh bag every bit good as a horizontal blade above them is used. The blade is placed below the peduncle of the papaia fruit so the pole is moved upwards. After that, the papaia fruit will drop gently into the mesh bag ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . However, if the papaia fruit by chance drop to the difficult surface or rubbing against other fruits will do bruising. Besides that, crop tools, nails of choosers or peduncles from other fruits may do lesions on the fruit such as cuts and lead to the loss of tissue unity. The lesions can besides let the incursion of decomposing Fungis and bacteriums into the fruit tissue ( Camelo, 2002 ) . On the other manus, improper stor age of papaia fruit prior conveyance to packing house such as jammed mass exceeds the volume of the container can do high susceptibleness to fruit bruising that will impact the concluding quality of merchandise. This is because during maturation, bruised country will developed into soft, dark part and susceptible to secondary microbic infection ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 1.1.2 Pest and diseases in the field Harmonizing to Martins, Ventura, Lima, Culik, Costa and Ferreira ( 2012 ) , pest of quarantine Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitatais normally merely infests papaya fruits while still green. While papaya gluey disease is an intense and self-generated exudate of latex that is more unstable than normal. When the exudate of latex are oxidize and darken, dark runs are formed on the papaia fruits and giving them a blackish visual aspect. The fruit from workss infected with the virus are infested with fruit flies while still in a green and immature phase. St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) besides mentioned that infestation of papaia fruits by fruit flies with gluey disease was associated with a decreased degree of benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) , which is a natural chemical compound in the latex of papaia fruit that associated with opposition to fruit flies. 1.2 Control in crop 1.2.1 Proper managing during crop Good planning that involve harvest operation in good clip, full supervising at all phases of reaping and field handling could cut down the loss of crop ( FAO, 1989 ) . The mechanical hurt of papaya fruits can be reduced by utilizing rounded terminals of reaping scissors or knives to forestall punctures. The bead height during reassigning fruit to containers should be minimized to forestall bruising occurred. Root of the papaia fruit should be trimmed after crop to guarantee no fruit rubbing occur. Besides that, reap labor should be trained so they able to place and reap the right adulthood of papaya fruits with gently managing procedure. They are recommended to have on baseball mitts during crop and managing procedure to avoid doing harm to papaya fruits ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Proper storage of papaia fruits prior delivered to packing house is besides of import to command the loss of crop. The papaya fruits can be placed in individual bed into shallow, light coloured field crates with a froth bed for buffering. The harvest containers should be smooth and free of crisp border. In add-on, the field containers could non be overfilled. After that, the field crates should be placed in shaded conditions that are protected from the Sun and rain. The motion of papaya fruits can be minimized if excess attentions are being taken ; hence happening of fruit bruising could be reduced ( Medinaet Al. , 2003 ) . 1.2.2 Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation byTephritidsFruit Flies ( Systems Approach ) Harmonizing to St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) , the Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation by Tephritids ( System Approach ) has a strong biological and ecological base and it is able to cut down the hazard of infestation by the plague to about nothing. In this system, the papaia fruits are harvested in early phases of adulthood due to low hazard of infestation by fruit flies as the nowadays of natural chemical compound benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) in the latex of the fruits contain certain toxicity to the fruit flies. BITC has ovicidal and oviposition suppression activity against fruit flies. However, the concentration of BITC is decreased with the ripening of the papaia fruits, causes the mature fruit more susceptible to infestation by these insects. This system besides fixed that the papaia fruits for export should be harvested before they past the phase 2 of adulthood and the bring forthing Fieldss can non incorporate fruits with over phase 3 of adulthood. The gluey disease of pap aya fruits can be controlled by roguing the papaia workss at the beginning of the ocular visual aspect of the disease symptoms. Furthermore, harvest labor should carry on pattern of non go forthing papaia fruits beyond the phase 3 of adulthood in the field. It is besides of import to guarantee the phytosanitary quality of the field and quarantine security for the fruit flies in papaia fruits ( St. martinset al. ,2012 ) . 2.0 Packing house operation Packing house operations are the procedure needed to fix the papaia fruits for sale. There are several interventions being conducted to minimise the quality losingss of papaya fruits. Based on the journal article written by Bautista-Banoset Al.( 2013 ) , postharvest managing operation of the fruit meant for national market and export are different. Basically, the fruit meant for national market are conducted in the field where the fruits are exposed to environmental status, such as sunshine, high comparative humidness and dust while the managing operation of the fruit meant for export are conducted in the wadding house with controlled environmental status ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . A wadding house can be defined as a topographic point protected from conditions for merchandise and forces. It is allowed the fruits been prepared in a centralised handling operation ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Hence, the quality loss of papaya fruits can be reduced through wadding house operation when compar ison to field operation of fruit meant for national market. The interventions for fruit meant to export are harmonizing to the import ordinances of finish states ; include wax-fungicide intervention for disease control and heat or irradiation to minimise insect infestation ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . By and large, the operations in packing house include remotion of unmerchantable stuff, screening by adulthood and/or size, rating and packaging ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1 Loss in packing house 2.1.1 Physiological impairment There are several choice loss of papaya fruits during packing house operation, includes bruising, tan, skin scratchs, opposing, insect hurt, and blotched colour. Quality loss of papaya fruits may go on during response of packing house operation, which includes off-loading, look intoing and entering. The jammed containers that do non protected from the Sun and rain could do rapid impairment due to heat and H2O. The long exposure to tropical Sun will do terrible H2O loss from fruits, make them go overripe or softens, produce wilts and off-flavours, every bit good as decay quickly. Cleaning or lavation, and size scaling operation may besides do bruising. Besides that, the improper stacking of papaia fruits await for conveyance such as containers with overfilled or stacked excessively high will damage the fruits. This is because the hapless airing will do overheating and lead to rapid impairment ( high rate of respiration ) of papaia fruits. Careless managing such as dropping or throwing on fruits and jammed container during procedure of rating can besides do the high wet content and soft texture of papaia fruits susceptible to mechanical hurt include internal bruising and scratched on the tegument of fruits. The harm to the tegument of fruits will bring on early decay of papaia fruits. The hurts can go the entry points for disease beings doing decay, at the same clip H2O loss from damaged country will be increased, doing an addition rate of normal physiological dislocation. The internal bruising could do internal stain of papaia fruits due to the damaged tissues, and off-flavours because of unnatural physiological reactions in damaged parts ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1.2 Disease and Pest In response phases of packing house operation, there will be soiled with dirt, dust and decaying works stuffs. So the cross taint of those contaminations may go on during cleaned, sorted and packed operation. The post-harvest disease can be spread by field crates contaminated by dirt or decaying works stuffs, contaminated H2O used to rinse fruits, disintegrating rejected fruits left lying around the wadding house and taint healthy fruits in bundles. Postharvest spread of pest infestation could go on when the fruits are exposed to drawn-out periods of conveyance to packing house ( FAO, 1989 ) . 2.2 Control in packing house 2.2.1 Effectiveness in response The clip between crop and bringing of the packaged fruit merchandise should be minimized by a good readying and packing operations design. However the response country, where is weighing, numbering or quality analysing the harvested fruits before come ining the works could detain the processing, and may do the fruits are exposed to the Sun. Therefore, good record maintaining should be practiced to do the response work more efficaciously. Besides that, during dumping of fruits onto packing house eating lines, bead decelerators are of import to minimise the mechanical hurt and command the flow of fruits. Less bruising can be occurred if H2O dunking procedure is applied. This procedure can besides rinse away the soil from the field. In add-on, by chlorination of rinsing Waterss with 50-200ppm of active Cl could extinguish the Fungi spores and bacteriums on the surface of morbid fruits. Hence, the taint of healthy fruit can be prevented. Besides that, response country should form the ope ration in the order it is received: foremost in first out ( FAO, 1989 ) . Furthermore, the suited stacking form of crates can lend to command air flow through green goods. 2.2.2 Waxing Waxing operation can minimise desiccation and widen the postharvest life of papaia fruits through replacing the natural waxes that are removed by rinsing. Waxing can besides seal the little lesions that are produced during crop ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Waxes can move as bearers of some antifungals every bit good as improve visual aspect of the papaia fruits by increasing radiance of fruit tegument. Waxing can be applied through crop-dusting or foaming, or submergence and dripping etc. Soft coppices or rollers can be used to guarantee the unvarying distribution of waxes on the surface of papaya fruit. However, heavy application of waxes can barricade fruit gas exchange and bring forth tissue asphyxia, finally cause internal blackening and development of off-flavours and off-odours of fruit ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.2.3 Pest and disease control Antifungals can be applied to suppress or cut down the sprouting of spores without complete suppress the disease. Chlorine and sulfur dioxide are the illustration of antifungals that normally used. By adding 50 to 200ppm of Cl into H2O, it can cut down the figure of microorganisms nowadays on the surface of the fruit. However, the growing of pathogen that had existed in the fruit can non be stop. Hence, it is of import to use fumigants such as S dioxide to command the postharvest diseases. Besides that, heat intervention can besides command the insect and Fungi that nowadays on the fruits. From the diary articles written by Singh ( 2010 ) , the methods for conserving papaya include H2O heat intervention, forced hot air, UV and gamma irradiation, low temperature, low and high force per unit area, man-made edible/non-edible fruit coatings etc.Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesdecay of papaia can be reduced through hot H2O dip intervention at 44OC. While soft putrefactions caused by Rhizopus can be reduced through 20 proceedingss of hot H2O intervention at 49OC followed by immediate cold H2O intervention. The other heat intervention included force-air treated and dry or vapour heat treated can be used for disinfections of fruit flies on papaia. Low doses of UV and gamma irradiation can be applied to protect and widen the shelf life of papaia. Harmonizing to Abeywickrama, Wijeratha, Rajapaksha, Sarananda, and Kannangara ( 2012 ) , latex drippage that could stain papaias and make defect on the ocular entreaty and quality of papaia can be prevented by rinsing the papaia with 1 % w/v of Na aluminum sulfate ( alum ) . Besides that, the indispensable oils such as Indian sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and West Indian Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) can be sprayed on the papaia after reaping to widen the storage life and exhibit fungicidal consequence. Their surveies showed that the papaia at 25 % of adulthood washed in ( 1 % w/v ) alum and followed by spraying ( 0.16 % v/v ) basil oil to the papaia can widen shelf life of papaia to 14 yearss at 12-14OC. Mention Abeywickrama, K. , Wijeratha, C. , Rajapaksha, N. , Sarananda, K. and Kannangara, S. 2012. Control Strategies for Extending Storage Life of Papaya (Carica papaia ), Cultivars Red Lady’ and Rathna’ .Ceylon Journal of Science ( Bio. Sci. ) .41( 1 ) :27-34. Bautista-Banos, S. , Sivakumar, D. , Bello-Perez, A. , Villanueva-Arce, R. and Hernandez-Lopez, M. 2013. A Reappraisal of The Management Alternatives for Controlling Fungi on Papaya Fruit during The Postharvest Supply Chain.Crop Protection.49:8-20. Camelo, A. F. L. 2002. Manual for The Preparation and Sale of Fruits and Vegetables. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/3/a-y4893e/y4893e04.htm Retrieved on 10 December 2014. FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-harvest Food Losses Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops A Training Manual. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/t0073e/T0073E00.htm Retrieved on 11 December 2014. St. martins, D. S. , Ventura, J. A. , Lima, R. C. A. , Culik, M. P. , Costa, H. and Ferreira, P. S. F. 2012. Interaction between Papaya Meleira Virus ( PMeV ) Infection of Papaya Plants and Mediterranean Fruit Fly Infestation of Fruits.Crop Protection.36:7-10. Medina, J. D. L. C. , Gutierrez, G. V. and Garcia, H. S. 2003.Papaya: Post-harvest Operation.United State: FAO. Singh, P. 2010. Progresss in Control of Post-harvest Diseases of Papaya Fruit – A Review.Agricultural Reviews.31( 3 ) :194-202.